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ņFigure€1.€€Relationship€between€base€standard,€profiles,€and€productsó ó ,›&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKK'ČČČČdxdŻ ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż›Ó  ÓŌ€XøXXXŌņņŃ€rŃŃ  ŃŌ€&d{%XXøŌń³ń9„11„97€Presentation€DRAFT€ń³ńń“ńfor€¢ń“ńń·ń¢FGDC£€ń·ńń·ń¢ń·ń¢SDTS£ń·ń£ń·ńń“ń£ń“ń€Workshopńµń,ńµńń¹ńńµń€ńµńń¹ńń¶ńŠ ° Šń¶ńńøńŠ ° ŠńøńTues.€Sept.€16,ńŗń€ńŗńń»ńĢń»ńUniversity€of€Missouri€„€RollaóóŠ `° ŠĢĢą@##(ģąņ ņ¢SDTS£€PROFILESó óˆŠ č8 ŠĢą@66'ģąņ ņCharles€HickmanˆŠ ˜ č Šą@hh#ģąU.S.€Geological€SurveyˆĢą@'ģąRolla,€MissouriˆĢą@ĢĢ&ģą¢chickman£@¢usgs.gov£ˆĢĢó óĢą@łł*ģąņ ņABSTRACTó óˆŠ Øų  ŠĢą8  ąŌ‡&d{%%&d{ŌThe€Spatial€Data€Transfer€Standard€(¢SDTS£)€is€a€Federal€Geographic€Data€CommitteeŠ XØ  Š(¢FGDC£)€standard€for€the€vendor„neutral€distribution,€exchange,€and€archive€of€¢geospatial£Ļinformation.€€¢SDTS£€has€many€options€to€support€various€models€of€¢geospatial£€data.€€TheĻdevelopment€of€a€single€translator€that€can€accommodate€all€of€the€options€and€modelsĻsupported€by€¢SDTS£€is€not€currently€practical.€€Using€a€subset,€or€profile,€of€¢SDTS£€is€a€wayĻto€reduce€the€number€of€options.€€A€limited€number€of€complementary€profiles,€grouped€intoĻfamilies,€will€support€more€feasible€implementations€of€¢SDTS£€translators€and€tools€withinĻthe€GIS€industry.€€¢SDTS£€profiles€are€differentiated€primarily€by€their€¢geospatial£€data€models.€ĻThe€types€of€existing€or€proposed€¢SDTS£€profiles€include€topological€vector,€raster,Ļtransportation,€computer„aided€drafting€and€design€(CADD),€¢nontopological£€vector,€object„¼based,€cadastral,€graphic,€geodetic€point,€and€Digital€Geographic€Exchange€Standard€/ĻVector€Product€Format€(DIGEST/¢VPF£).€€These€profiles€are€in€varying€states€of€use,Ļapproval.,€development,€and€discussion€within€the€¢geospatial£€data€community.Š Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąThe€Topological€Vector€Profile€(¢TVP£)€is€the€most€mature€profile€with€approval€as€an€¢FGDC£Ļstandard€and€as€a€Federal€Information€Processing€Standard€(¢FIPS£),€and€it€is€now€used€forĻlarge€volumes€of€on„line€USGS€data.€€¢FGDC£€approval€of€the€Point€Profile€is€expected€inĻ1997€through€the€sponsorship€of€the€Federal€Geodetic€Control€Subcommittee.€€¢FGDC£Ļapproval€of€the€Raster€Profile€with€Basic€Image€Interchange€File€(¢BIIF£)€Extension€shouldĻbegin€in€1997€under€the€joint€sponsorship€of€the€National€Imagery€and€Mapping€AgencyĻ(¢NIMA£)€and€USGS.€€Development€of€the€objeŌ#†&d{%%&d{ģ#Ōct„base€profile€is€just€beginning.€€It€mayŠ 8"ˆ# Šsupport€a€reduction€in€the€number€of€¢SDTS£€profiles€via€dynamic€schema€capabilities,€andĻthis€should€help€the€overall€goal€of€easier€data€exchange.Š Š Š  ŠĢĢą@˜˜)ģąņ ņDISCLAIMERó óˆŠ p&Ą!( ŠĢUse€of€specific€vendor€and€product€names€is€for€illustrative€purposes€only€and€is€not€an€endorsement€or€aĻcriticism€by€the€author€or€the€U.S.€Geological€Survey.€€Recommendations€and€opinions€expressed€in€thisĻdocument€are€those€of€the€author€as€a€representative€of€the€U.S.€Geological€Survey;€however,€they€shouldĻnot€be€considered€official€USGS€positions,€or€official€positions€of€other€Federal€agencies.ĢņņņņĢĢUpdated€versions€of€this€document€should€be€posted€to€the€¢SDTS£€home€page€at€¢http£://¢mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov£/¢sdts£óóóóŠ Ü,,(0 ŠŃ€ŃŠ Š-Ś(1 ŠŃŃā āŃ8€øXXdģXXdę8Ńā āŃ  ŃĢą@(ģąņ ņINTRODUCTIONó óˆŠ ˆŲ ŠĢThe€Spatial€Data€Transfer€Standard€(¢SDTS£)€is€a€Federal€Information€Processing€Standard€(¢FIPS£€173)€andĻFederal€Geographic€Data€Committee€(¢FGDC£)€standard€for€the€nonproprietary,€vendor„neutral€distributionĻand€archive€of€¢geospatial£€data€and€for€the€exchange€of€¢geospatial£€data€between€dissimilar€digital€geographicĻinformation€systems€(¢NIST£,€1992).€€The€organizers€and€designers€of€¢SDTS£€represent€more€than€just€theĻfederal€sector€and€include€individuals€from€academic,€commercial,€and€research€organizations.€€TheĻimplementation,€acceptance,€and€use€of€a€common€exchange€and€archive€standard€such€as€¢SDTS£€is€oneĻcomponent€of€the€National€Spatial€Data€Infrastructure.ĢĢParts€1,€2,€and€3€of€the€¢SDTS£€document€constitute€the€base€specification€of€¢SDTS£.€€This€base€specificationĻprovides€data€standards€at€conceptual,€logical,€and€physical€or€format€levels.€€The€¢SDTS£€base€specificationĻis€intentionally€very€flexible€so€that€it€can€accommodate€all€models€of€¢geospatial£€data.€€This€flexibility€isĻpossible€because€¢SDTS£€has€so€many€options.€€At€the€conceptual€level€there€are€several€dozen€types€of€zero„,Ļone„,€two„,€and€three„dimensional€spatial€objects€to€accommodate€raster,€vector,€topological,€planar,Ļspaghetti,€and€other€models€of€¢geospatial£€data.€€There€are€also€options€for€projections,€coordinate€systems,Ļdatums,€quality€information,€attribute€structure,€and€feature€content.€€At€the€logical€level€there€are€manyĻpossibilities€for€structuring,€naming,€and€placing€information€into€modules€and€fields.€€At€the€physical€orĻformat€level,€using€¢ISO£€8211,€there€are€additional€options€which€can€be€restricted€if€required.ĢĢĢą@ĀĀ%ģąņ ņPURPOSE€OF€PROFILESó óˆŠ @ ŠĢProfiles€of€¢SDTS£€currently€have€three€primary€purposes.€€The€main€purpose€is€to€be€a€clearly€defined€subsetĻof€¢SDTS£,€related€to€just€one€data€model,€and€thus€limit€the€available€options€so€that€translation€software€isĻmuch€less€complicated.€€The€second€purpose€is€to€allow€extensions€and€profile„specific€changes€to€the€baseĻstandard.€€The€third€purpose€for€an€¢SDTS£€profile€is€as€a€mechanism€for€the€harmonization€of€¢SDTS£€withĻother€spatial€data€exchange€and€archive€standards.€€Any€single€profile€can€serve€more€than€one€of€theseĻpurposes.ĢĢThe€development€of€translation€software€that€accommodates€all€of€the€possible€spatial€objects€and€optionsĻin€the€¢SDTS£€base€standard€would€be€very€difficult.€€For€example,€the€developers€of€software€to€translate€orĻdecode€from€all„encompassing€¢SDTS£€to€a€specific€planar„vector„topological€GIS€format€would€need€softwareĻthat€could€detect€and€react€to€all€possible€¢SDTS£€objects€including€objects€from€raster€and€¢nontopological£Ļvector€data€models.€€This€"full€¢SDTS£€to€topological€GIS"€decoder€would€also€need€the€capability€to€do€raster„¼to„vector€conversions,€to€enforce€planar€graph€structure,€and€to€derive€correct€topological€relationships,Ļbecause€the€incoming€¢SDTS£€data€could€be€of€any€type.€€The€translation€software€needed€to€accomplish€allĻthis€would€be€very€complicated.ĢĢTo€make€the€development€of€translation€and€application€software€feasible,€¢SDTS£€options€are€grouped€intoĻa€limited€number€of€subsets€based€on€specific€data€models.€€For€example,€a€raster€profile€is€limited€to€onlyĻelements€of€a€raster€model€(i.e.,€pixels€or€grid€cells)€and€does€not€allow€vector€chains€or€strings€or€polygons.€ĻIn€general,€a€profile€identifies€types€of€¢SDTS£€spatial€objects€and€related€¢SDTS£€modules€that€are€(1)€alwaysĻrequired,€(2)€allowed,€and€(3)€prohibited€in€the€profile.€€A€profile€can€also€restrict€options€by€specifyingĻmodule€and€file€naming€and€ordering€conventions,€by€specifying€¢ISO£€8211€encoding€methods,€and€byĻspecifying€feature€and€attribute€content€requirements.€€These€restrictions€further€reduce€the€complexity€ofŠ €+Š&. Š¢SDTS£€decoder€software,€while€not€going€to€the€extreme€of€being€limited€for€use€with€just€one€product.€€ForĻexample,€the€Raster€Profile€is€not€so€restrictive€as€to€be€used€just€for€the€USGS€¢DEM£€product,€but€it€can€beĻused€for€a€variety€of€raster€and€image€products€from€USGS,€¢NIMA£,€NASA,€and€others.ĢĢThis€strategy€also€allows€vendors€and€users€to€implement€only€those€portions€of€¢SDTS£€that€are€applicableĻto€their€system€and€data€structure.€€By€using€profiles€of€¢SDTS£,€the€software€for€encoding€and€decoding€canĻbe€designed€to€handle€just€the€options€needed€by€the€specific€system€or€data€type.ĢĢA€second€purpose€for€profiles€to€¢SDTS£€is€to€allow€profile„specific€extensions€and€changes€to€the€base€¢SDTS£Ļstandard€(Parts€1€„€3)€which€may€or€may€not€become€permanent€changes€to€the€base€standard.€€For€example,Ļthe€newest€version€of€the€Raster€Profile€includes€an€extension€to€the€¢SDTS£€base€standard€that€accommodatesĻmulti„dimensional€data€necessary€for€some€National€Aeronautics€and€Space€Administration€(NASA)Ļproducts.ĢĢThe€third€identified€purpose€for€a€profile€to€¢SDTS£€is€to€serve€as€a€mechanism€for€the€harmonization€ofĻanother€data€exchange€standard€with€¢SDTS£.€€As€noted€earlier,€¢SDTS£€has€many€options€that€support€a€varietyĻof€spatial€data€models.€€Because€of€this,€¢SDTS£€is€a€very€¢configurable£€standard,€and€a€profile€of€¢SDTS£€canĻbe€designed€to€match€all€or€part€of€another€standard€such€as€the€Digital€Geographic€Exchange€StandardĻ(DIGEST),€the€Vector€Product€Format€(¢VPF£),€the€Graphic€Data€File€(¢GDF£)€standard,€or€the€Basic€ImageĻInterchange€Format€(¢BIIF£).ĢĢAdditional€information€on€the€purpose€and€development€of€¢SDTS£€profiles€is€found€in€articles€by€¢Szemraj£,Ļ¢Fegeas£,€and€¢Tolar£€(1994)€and€by€¢Szemraj£€and€¢Tolar£€(1993).ĢĢĢą@””#ģąņ ņDEVELOPMENT€OF€PROFILESó óˆŠ Č ŠĢBecause€of€the€large€variety€of€options€within€¢SDTS£,€some€number€of€profiles€are€needed€to€make€theĻimplementation€of€translators€easier.€€However,€a€large€number€of€uncoordinated€and€unrelated€¢SDTS£Ļprofiles€would€defeat€the€goal€of€having€a€common€exchange€standard€that€improves€overall€data€sharing.€ĻThe€wish€to€keep€the€number€of€¢SDTS£€profiles€to€a€minimum€must€be€balanced€against€the€need€toĻaccommodate€required€data€characteristics€that€are€not€supported€in€existing€profiles.ĢĢThe€development€of€a€potential€new€profile€to€¢SDTS£€begins€with€a€group€of€¢geospatial£€data€producers€orĻusers€who€act€as€the€sponsors€or€"champions"€for€the€new€profile.€€This€group€may€be€one€of€the€¢FGDC£ššsĻthematic€subcommittees€or€working€groups€as€was€the€case€with€the€Transportation€Network€Profile€fromĻthe€¢FGDC£€Ground€Transportation€Subcommittee,€or€it€could€be€a€group€of€agencies€such€as€USGS€andĻCensus€for€the€Topological€Vector€Profile,€or€some€combination€such€as€the€National€Oceanic€andĻAtmospheric€Administration€and€the€¢FGDC£€Federal€Geodetic€Control€Subcommittee€for€the€Point€Profile.ĢĢThe€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€(¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/¢SWG£/¢swg.html£)€provides€¢SDTS£€profileĻdevelopment€assistance€and€coordination€as€part€of€their€"¢FGDC£€Standards€Reference€Model"€for€all€typesĻof€standards€development.€The€model€defines€the€expectations€of€¢FGDC£€standards,€describes€different€typesĻof€¢geospatial£€standards,€and€documents€the€¢FGDC£ššs€12„step€standards€development€and€approval€process.€ĢĢTypically,€the€data€associated€with€this€sponsoring€group€has€some€characteristics€that€do€not€appear€to€beĻsupported€by€current€profiles.€€Before€this€sponsoring€group€begins€the€development€of€a€new€profile,€otherŠ €+Š&. Š¢SDTS£€options€for€supporting€the€desired€data€characteristics€should€be€explored.€€A€group€who€is€seekingĻto€use€¢SDTS£€and€who€is€considering€a€new€profile€should€go€through€the€following€steps.Ģ€€(1)€Study€existing€profiles€in€an€effort€to€find€one€that€will€accommodate€their€requirements.Ģ€€(2)€If€no€current€profiles€can€be€used€"as€is,"€then€consider€modifications,€additions,€or€clarifications€to€theĻmost€similar€current€profile.€€Additions€may€be€in€the€form€of€an€annex€which€specifies€extra€options€thatĻare€allowed€in€profile.€€A€valid€profile€data€set€(called€a€"transfer")€is€allowed€to€accommodate€these€annexĻoptions,€but€valid€profile€translators€are€not€required€to€decode€this€information.€€Clarification€about€the€useĻof€a€profile€may€be€provided€by€a€product„to„profile€mapping€document€as€described€later.Ģ€€(3)€If€a€new€profile€is€indeed€required,€then€the€developers€of€the€new€profile€document€should€follow€theĻexample€of€the€most€similar€existing€profile.€€This€allows€similar€profiles€to€be€grouped€into€families€thatĻshare€many€common€elements€and€that€can€lead€to€easier€implementations€based€on€using€functions€andĻsoftware€designed€for€earlier€profiles.Ģ€€(4)€As€a€further€effort€to€keep€the€number€of€profiles€low,€developers€of€a€new€profile€should€try€to€identifyĻand€include€other€groups€of€data€users€and€producers€that€may€have€requirements€for€a€similar€new€profile.Ģ€€(5)€Ultimate€implementation€and€success€of€a€profile€will€then€include€the€creation€of€product€mappingĻdocuments,€the€production€of€lots€of€data€using€the€profile,€the€development€of€translation€software€by€GISĻvendors,€the€approval€of€the€profile€to€be€an€¢FGDC£,€ANSI,€¢ISO£,€or€similar€standard,€and€the€availability€ofĻofficial€tools€to€test€both€data€and€software€for€compliance€to€the€profile.ĢĢAs€noted€earlier,€the€development€of€new€¢SDTS£€profiles€can€be€justified€for€several€reasons.€€The€primaryĻreasons€are€a€need€to€support€a€different€spatial€data€model€or€variation€of€a€model€that€is€not€supported€byĻany€current€profiles,€the€need€to€harmonize€with€other€¢geospatial£€data€transfer€standards,€and€the€need€toĻprovide€an€extension€to€the€¢SDTS£€base€standard.€€The€Transportation€Network€Profile€was€developed€in€largeĻpart€because€the€other€vector€profiles€did€not€adequately€support€the€data€model€needed€for€the€directĻrepresentation€of€overpassing€roadway€segments€using€primitive€¢nonplanar£€graph€elements.ĢĢThere€are€also€a€number€of€less€valid€reasons€for€new€profile€development€that€should€be€mentioned.€ĻDifferences€in€application€area€or€feature€content,€by€themselves,€should€not€justify€different€profiles.€€ForĻexample,€the€justification€for€a€railway€profile,€a€pipeline€profile,€and€transmission€line€profile€because€ofĻdifferent€content€is€questionable.€€The€Transportation€Network€Profile€is€designed€for€transportation€content,Ļbut€its€justification€is€due€to€a€data€model€difference€and€not€specific€content.€€The€DIGEST€Vector€ProfileĻdoes€mandate€the€use€of€the€Feature€and€Attribute€Coding€Catalog€(¢FACC£)€content€specification,€but€thisĻcontent€requirement€by€itself€does€not€accomplish€harmonization€between€¢SDTS£€and€DIGEST€and€wouldĻnot€justify€a€separate€profile.€€The€transfer€of€specific€content€is€not€primarily€an€issue€for€profiles,€but€shouldĻbe€addressed€through€possible€volumes€of€¢SDTS£€Part€2,€feature€registers,€or€master€data€dictionaries€relatedĻto€thematic€areas€and€guided€by€the€Thematic€Subcommittees€of€¢FGDC£.€€The€Army,€Corps€of€Engineers,€Tri„¼Service€CADD/GIS€Technology€Center€(¢http£://¢mr2£.¢wes.army.mil£/)€is€currently€working€with€¢FGDC£€on€theĻdevelopment€of€a€common€thematic€feature€registry€which€is€based€on€the€¢SDTS£€model€of€features,€attributes,Ļand€value€domains.ĢĢDifferences€in€data€products€and€GIS€formats€are€also€not€good€reasons€to€develop€new€profiles.€€ForĻexample,€the€need€for€a€DLG„3€profile,€a€TIGER€profile,€an€Arc/INFO€profile,€an€¢MGE£€profile,€aĻ¢SmallWorld£€profile,€a€¢MapInfo£€profile,€a€wetland€profile,€an€elevation€profile,€an€EPA€River€Reach€profile,Ļa€¢GDT£€profile,€and€an€¢ETAK£€profile€is€doubtful.€€This€type€of€profile€proliferation€defeats€the€goal€of€¢SDTS£Ļto€make€data€exchange€easier,€and€should€be€avoided.ĢĢŠ €+Š&. ЇĢĢą@©©$ģąņ ņFAMILIES€OF€PROFILESó óˆŠ `° ŠĢThe€grouping€of€profiles€into€families€is€one€way€to€help€organize€and€emphasize€the€relationships€betweenĻprofiles.€€Once€a€new€profile€is€justified,€developers€should€seek€to€maximize€the€similarities€with€otherĻprofiles,€particularly€with€similar€profiles€in€the€same€family.ĢĢA€family€of€profiles€is€an€informal€set€of€profiles€that€have€many€common€characteristics€and€that€haveĻtranslators€with€many€identical€functions,€usually€because€they€are€based€on€similar€high„level€data€models.€ĻFor€example,€the€Topological€Vector€Profile,€the€DIGEST€Vector€Profile,€the€Transportation€NetworkĻProfile,€the€¢AUSLIG£€Vector€Profile,€and€the€¢NonTopological£€Vector€Profile€may€be€in€the€same€family€ofĻvector€profiles.€€The€translators€for€profiles€within€the€vector€family€of€profiles€should€have€more€functionsĻin€common€than€functions€which€are€different.€€In€general,€the€grouping€of€profiles€into€families€can€fosterĻsoftware€reusability,€and€in€particular,€will€increase€the€reuse€of€translator€functions€and€testing€functions.ĢĢŌ& ° ŌThere€may€also€be€a€type€of€multiple€inheritance€among€profile€families.€€For€example,€the€DIGEST€VectorĻProfile€may€be€a€member€of€the€large€vector€family,€the€smaller€topologicalŌ'°0c@Ō€vector€family,€and€the€DIGESTĻfamily€which€could€include€possible€DIGEST€Raster€and€DIGEST€Spaghetti€profiles.Ģ߃€)'K;7z|1Ąž_˜ `Ą˜€€@’EP˜xš&ōģˆR(¢ƒßĢĢą@† † ģąņ ņMULTIPLE€DATA€PRODUCTS€SHARING€ONE€PROFILEó óˆŠ hø ŠĢā °±°±°(#°(#ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±ā°ā °±°±°±°±āŠ €+Š&.°±°± ŠAs€noted€earlier,€a€profile€should€not€be€so€specific€that€it€is€related€to€just€one€native€format,€one€product,Ļor€one€theme.€€A€profile€should€be€flexible€enough€to€be€shared€by€multiple€data€formats€and€data€structuresĻthat€have€a€similar€data€model.€€The€relationship,€or€mapping,€between€a€specific€product€and€an€¢SDTS£Ļprofile€should€be€clearly€described€in€a€product€mapping€document.€€There€can€be€several€product€mappingĻdocuments€for€each€profile,€e.g.,€DLG„3€to€¢TVP£,€TIGER€to€¢TVP£,€National€¢Hydrography£€Data€to€¢TVP£.€ĻFigure€1€shows€the€relationships€between€the€¢SDTS£€base€standard,€profiles€of€¢SDTS£,€and€specific€productsĻthat€are€mapped€to€profiles.€€Some€product€mapping€documents€are€available€on„line€through€the€¢SDTS£€siteĻas€noted€below€in€the€specific€profile€status€descriptions.ĢĢĢĢą@  %ģąņ ņSTATUS€OF€PROFILESó óˆŠ ų H  ŠĢThe€following€is€a€list€of€the€profiles€discussed€in€this€section.€€Many€of€these€are€only€suggestions€and€mayĻnot€become€actual€profiles.€€Additional€profiles€may€also€be€planned€by€other€groups€but€are€not€know€to€theĻauthor€at€this€time.€€Information€in€this€section€is€subject€to€additions€and€corrections.€€AdditionalĻinformation€is€sought€by€the€¢SDTS£€task€force€(¢sdts£@¢usgs.gov£).ĢĢ€€1.ą0  ąTopological€Vector€Profile,€¢SDTS£€Part€4Šą0(#(# ŠĢ€€2.ą0  ąRaster€Profile€with€¢BIIF£€Extensions,€¢SDTS£€Part€5Аą(#(# ŠĢ€€3.ą0  ąPoint€Profile,€¢SDTS£€Part€6Š@(#(# ŠĢ€€4.ą0  ąCADD€ProfileŠš@(#(# ŠĢ€€5.ą0  ąTransportation€ProfilesŠ š(#(# ŠĢ€€6.ą0  ąCadastral€Data€Transfer€Standard€(Profile)ŠP (#(# ŠĢ€€7.ą0  ąPrimitive,€¢NonTopological£€Vector€ProfileŠP(#(# ŠĢ€€8.ą0  ąNon„US€Profiles€and€Versions€of€¢SDTS£Š° (#(# ŠĢ€€9.ą0  ąDIGEST€and€¢VPF£€ProfilesŠ`!°"(#(# ŠĢ€10.ą  ąHarmonized€¢ISO£/DIGEST/S„57/¢GDF£/¢NTF£/¢SDTS£/¢IHO£€ProfileŠ #`$ ŠĢ€11.ą8  ąObject„Based€Profile€for€Transactions,€Multiple€Representations,€Dynamic€Content,€etc.ŠĄ$ &Š Š  ŠĢ€12.ą0  ąOther€Profiles:€Graphic,€Local€Government,€Mining,€Utility,€S„57,€Boundaries,€etc.Šp&Ą!((#(# ŠĢĢĢĢĢŠ €+Š&. ŠŃrŃā āŃ  Ńā āŃ  Ńņ ņ1.ą0  ąņņTopological€Vector€Profile€(¢TVP£),€¢SDTS£€Part€4ó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢TVP£€is€designed€to€transfer€digital€¢geospatial£€vector€data€that€conforms€to€a€planarĻgraph€and€has€both€"chain€to€node"€and€"chain€to€area"€topological€relationships.€€Chains,Ļnodes,€points,€areas,€and€composite€objects€are€the€primary€components.€€Census€TIGERĻdata€and€USGS€DLG€data€can€use€the€¢TVP£.€€The€¢TVP£€can€accommodate€both€feature„basedĻand€non„feature„based€data.€€Feature„based€information,€using€¢SDTS£€composite€objects,€canĻbe€¢nonplanar£€even€though€the€spatial€primitives€are€planar,€and€can€support€many„to„manyĻrelationships€between€features€and€location€primitives.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąUSGS€is€now€using€the€¢TVP£€for€on„line€distribution€of€all€DLG€data.€€€€¢FWS£€has€sampleĻNational€Wetland€Inventory€data€in€¢TVP£.€€Census€has€sample€TIGER€data€in€¢TVP£€and€mayĻuse€the€¢TVP£€for€Framework€boundary€data.€€¢FEMA£€plans€to€put€flood€boundary€data€intoĻthe€¢TVP£.€€¢BLM£€plans€to€put€land€management€data€into€the€¢TVP£€as€one€option€within€theĻnew€Cadastral€Data€Standard.€€Other€federal€and€state€agencies€are€investigating€use€of€thisĻprofile€for€their€vector€data.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąContact€the€¢SDTS£€task€force€via€e„mail€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢sdts£@¢usgs.gov£Ģą  ąą ` ąAdditional€information€is€available€on„line€at€the€¢SDTS£€web€siteĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov£/¢sdts£ĢĢą0  ą€€Documents€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢TVP£€exists€as€a€documented€part€(Part€4)€of€¢FIPS£€173„1€(¢SDTS£).€€Version€1.0€of€theĻ¢TVP£€dated€June€10,€1994€is€now€out€of€print.€€A€draft€ANSI€version€of€the€¢TVP£,€datedĻDecember€13,€1995,€with€minor€editorial€changes€is€available€at€the€¢SDTS£€web€siteŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov£/¢sdts£Ģą0  ąą0` (#(#ąPreparation€of€€¢TVP£€and€other€¢SDTS£€documents€for€ANSI€review€and€approval€is€nowĻunderway€by€private€contract.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąAdditional€documents,€that€describe€the€specific€product€mappings€to€¢SDTS£„¢TVP£€fromĻTIGER,€DLG„3,€and€DLG„F,€are€also€available€at€the€¢SDTS£€web€site.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSeveral€articles€on€¢SDTS£€and€the€¢TVP£€have€been€in€GIS„related€journals€includingĻ"Understanding€¢SDTS£€Topological€Vector€Profile€Implementation"€by€Bob€Lazar€in€theĻJune€1996€issue€of€ņņ¢Geo£€Info€Systemsóó.€€The€¢ESRI£€White€Paper€"¢SDTS£„Supporting€the€SpatialŠ č#8% ŠData€Transfer€Standard€in€ARC/INFO"€is€available€at€Š ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.esri.com£/resources/papers/¢papers.html£ĢĢĢą0  ą€€Software€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSoftware€that€supports€the€¢TVP£€is€part€of€the€suite€of€¢SDTS£++€public„domain€tools€forĻaccess€and€interface€to€¢SDTS£.€€Contact€the€¢SDTS£€task€force€(¢sdts£@¢usgs.gov£)€or€check€theĻ¢SDTS£€web€site€for€details.Š ` (#` (# ŠŠ €+Š&. Šą0  ą€€Translators€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢TVP£€translators€are€supported€by€¢ESRI£€(Arc/INFO€7.04€and€above),€¢Intergraph£€(¢MGE£),ĻGRASS,€¢ERDAS£€(using€¢ESRI£€translator),€and€AST€¢GeoMorph£;€€are€planned€by€¢MapInfo£,ĻUNISYS,€SAFE€¢FME£,€Laser„Scan€(for€South€Korea),€and€LAS€¢GrassLand£;€€and€are€beingĻconsidered€by€Applied€Geographics,€¢Autodesk£,€and€¢SmallWorld£€based€on€customer€demand.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Data€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSample€TIGER,€DLG,€and€¢NWI£€data€is€available€in€¢SDTS£„¢TVP£.€€Nationwide€USGS€2„¼million,€¢100K£,€and€¢24K£€DLG„3€transportation,€¢hydrography£,€¢PLSS£,€and€boundaries€data€isĻnow€available€in€the€¢TVP£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Conformance€Testing€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąA€beta€series€of€conformance€testing€involving€¢NIST£,€USGS,€¢Intergraph£,€and€ADC€wasĻconducted€in€1996.€€Official€conformance€testing€will€begin€in€the€near€future€throughĻprivate€contractors.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąWith€the€large€volume€of€DLG„3€data€now€in€¢SDTS£,€the€temptation€may€be€to€developĻ¢SDTS£„¢TVP£€translators€that€are€based€on€DLG„3€content€specifications.€€This€limits€theĻutility€of€the€translator€and€should€be€discouraged.€€Conformance€testing€of€translatorsĻshould€help€avoid€this€problem.€€A€good€¢SDTS£„¢TVP£€translator€should€be€contentĻindependent€and€product€independent€so€that€it€accommodate€¢SDTS£„¢TVP£€data€not€just€fromĻUSGS,€but€from€Census,€¢BLM£,€and€others.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąANSI€and€¢ISO£€approval€for€the€¢TVP£€(¢SDTS£€Part€4),€along€with€Parts€1,€2,€3,€5,€&€6€ofĻ¢SDTS£,€will€be€sought.€€Development€and€approval€of€conformance€testing€tools€andĻprocedures€will€soon€be€moved€to€the€private€sector.€€More€USGS€data€in€¢SDTS£„¢TVP£€willĻbecome€available€as€a€regular€part€of€the€production€process.€€¢SDTS£€will€be€the€standardĻdistribution€format€for€USGS„¢NMD£€digital€¢geospatial£€data€products.€€An€on„line€help€deskĻat€¢sdts£@¢usgs.gov£€is€now€in€place,€and€better€tools€and€experience€with€¢TVP£€translators€areĻbeing€investigated.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢŠ €+Š&. Їņ ņ2.ą0  ąņņ¢SDTS£€Raster€Profile€with€Basic€Image€Interchange€Format€(¢BIIF£)€Extension€(¢SRPBE£),€¢SDTS£Š ° ŠPart€5ó óóóŠˆŲ(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢SDTS£€Part€5€is€designed€for€the€transfer€and€archive€of€digital€¢geospatial£€raster,€grid,€andĻimage€data.€€The€primary€¢SDTS£€objects€are€grids€and€grid€cells.€€USGS€is€now€using€PartĻ5€for€the€distribution€of€¢DEM£'s.€€Future€use€of€the€¢SRPBE£€for€USGS€¢DOQ£'s€and€¢DRG£'s€isĻalso€being€considered.€€The€¢BIIF£€extension€supports€image€data€and€provides€a€connectionĻwith€image€standards€used€in€the€military€and€intelligence€communities.€€Part€5€can€alsoĻreference€separate€files€which€use€standard€compression€methods.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąPart€5€takes€advantage€of€the€capabilities€of€both€¢SDTS£€and€¢BIIF£.€€¢SDTS£€has€a€geographicĻinformation€focus€and€provides€the€capability€of€encoding€raster€grid€and€image€data,Ļ¢georeferenced£€information,€simple€color€look„up€tables,€data€quality€reports,€data€dictionaryĻinformation,€and€other€such€metadata.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢ISO£/¢IEC£€12087„5€Basic€Image€Interchange€Format€(¢BIIF£)€has€an€image€transmission€focusĻand€provides€an€efficient€image€file€format,€image€compression,€image€blocking€or€tiling,Ļvariety€of€color€models,€and€visualization€controls.€€The€portion€of€¢BIIF£€that€is€common€withĻ¢SDTS£€Part€5€is€also€within€the€scope€of€the€National€Imagery€Transmission€Format€/€NATOĻSecondary€Imagery€Format€(¢NITF£/¢NSIF£)€profile€to€¢BIIF£.€€The€integration€of€¢SDTS£€and€¢BIIF£Ļprovides€a€foundation€for€¢interoperability£€in€the€interchange€of€raster€and€imagery€dataĻamong€applications.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąOnce€Part€5€is€approved€by€¢FGDC£,€DOD€will€begin€planning€the€distribution€of€rasterĻproducts€(e.g.,€¢NITF£„based€products)€using€¢SRPBE£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąUSGS€will€use€Part€5€for€raster€and€image€data€distribution,€beginning€with€¢DEM£€data€inĻ1997.€€The€primary€developers€of€Part€5€are€the€National€Imagery€and€Mapping€AgencyĻ(¢NIMA£)€and€USGS.€€Other€contributors€include€the€Joint€¢Interoperability£€Test€CommandĻ(¢JITC£),€the€¢BIIF£€editorship,€¢Geomatics£€Canada,€¢NOAA£,€and€the€Digital€GeographicĻInformation€Exchange€Standard€(DIGEST)€team€under€NATO.€€Representatives€from€theseĻagencies€formed€the€Raster€Standards€Convergence€Working€Group€(¢RSCWG£).€€TheĻ¢RSCWG£,€through€the€¢FGDC£ššs€Subcommittee€for€Base€Cartographic€Data€(¢SBCD£)€hasĻsubmitted€¢SDTS£€Part€5€for€¢FGDC£€approval€in€1997€or€early€1998..Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąContact€the€¢SDTS£€task€force€atą0Ą` (#` (#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ą¢sdts£@¢usgs.gov£Šč#8%(#(# Šą  ąą ` ąAdditional€information€is€available€on„line€at€the€¢SDTS£€web€siteĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov£/¢sdts£ĢĢą0  ą€€Documents€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢SRPBE£€exists€as€a€documented€part€(Part€5)€of€¢SDTS£.€€A€working€draft€is€dated€JulyĻ1997.€€A€public„review€version€of€the€document€should€be€available€in€September€1997€fromĻthe€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€€site€atą p ą¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/¢SWG£/€ŠŠ) %,` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąor€from€the€¢SDTS£€site€atą0Ą` (#` (#ąą  ąą p ąą Č ą¢http£://¢mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov£/¢sdts£ŠØ*ų%-Ą(#Ą(# ŠŠ €+Š&. Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąAn€additional€document€that€describes€the€product€mapping€to€the€Raster€Profile€from€USGSĻ¢DEM£€is€also€available€at€the€¢SDTS£€web€site.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€article€"Developing€a€Raster€Profile€for€the€Spatial€Data€Transfer€Standard"€by€DaveĻ¢Greenlee£€is€in€the€December€1992€issue€of€ņņCartography€and€Geographic€InformationŠ ` ŠSystemsóó.Šč8` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Software€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€Common€Software€Platform€and€the€¢SDTS£++€toolkit€provide€access€tools€that€can€beĻused€for€Part€5.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Translators€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąRaster€profile€translators€have€been€developed€for€¢ERDAS£€and€¢MicroDEM£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Data€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSample€raster€profile€¢DEM£€data€for€Mt.€St.€Helens€is€available€at€the€¢SDTS£€web€site.€€TheĻ¢SDTS£€site€also€has€sample€¢multispectral£€image€and€thematic€data€from€¢ERDAS£.€€NationwideĻ¢DEM£€data€is€being€mass€converted€to€the€¢SRPBE£€and€will€be€available€in€1998.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Conformance€Testing€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąArrangements€for€conformance€testing€of€Part€5€are€not€yet€defined,€but€may€be€doneĻthrough€DOD€facilities.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€review€period€for€the€š šproposalšš€for€¢FGDC£€approval€of€¢SDTS£€Part€5€closed€SeptemberĻ1,€1997€(¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/¢SWG£/¢sub4_1£.html).€€¢FGDC£€will€now€prepare€for€the€reviewĻof€the€actual€profile€document€as€one€of€the€next€steps€to€gain€¢FGDC£€approval.€€ANSI€andĻ¢ISO£€approval€for€¢SDTS£€Part€5,€along€with€Parts€1,€2,€3,€&€4€of€¢SDTS£,€will€also€be€sought.€ĻDevelopment€and€approval€of€conformance€testing€tools€and€procedures€is€planned.€ĻAdditional€Part€5€translators€are€anticipated.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąMore€data€(USGS€¢DEM£'s)€in€¢SRPBE£€will€become€available€in€1998.€€Use€of€Part€5€forĻUSGS€¢DOQ£ššs€and€¢DRG£ššs€is€being€considered.€€The€Naval€Research€Laboratory€and€theĻNational€Ice€Center€have€plans€for€an€Arctic€ice€climatology€CD€using€the€Raster€Profile€ofĻ¢SDTS£.€€¢NOAA£€is€converting€raster€sea€ice€data€from€SIGRID€format€to€¢SDTS£.€€¢EarthWatch£,ĻInc.€is€investigating€¢SDTS£€and€Part€5€as€a€possible€output€format€for€images€from€itsĻ¢EarlyBird£€satellite.€€Bechtel€Nevada€and€DOE€are€also€investigating€Part€5€for€airborneĻ¢multispectral£€scanner€data€at€the€DOE€Remote€Sensing€Laboratory.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThere€is€a€need€to€identify€and€explore€common€interests€with€the€¢GeoTIFF£€effort€(RitterĻ&€Ruth,€1997).€€Developers€of€¢GeoTIFF£€indicate€that€there€may€not€be€new€versions€ofĻ¢GeoTIFF£€and€€there€may€be€an€effort€to€define€an€implementation€relationship€betweenĻ¢GeoTIFF£€and€¢SDTS£,€much€like€the€¢SDTS£€relationship€to€¢BIIF£.€€See€also€š šRe:€RelationshipĻbetween€¢GeoTIFF£€and€¢SDTS£šš€(1996)€from€Niles€Ritter€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.pci.on.ca£/~¢warmerda£/¢geotiff£/¢msg00277£.htmlĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąand€the€¢GeoTIFF£€page€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢home.earthlink.net£/~¢ritter£/¢geotiff£/¢geotiff.html£Š €+Š&. Їą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢OGC£€¢OpenGIS£€activity,€through€their€Earth€Imaging€Working€Group€(¢EIWG£),€isĻinterested€in€strengthening€€the€imagery€portion€of€the€¢OpenGIS£€specificationššs€OpenĻ¢Geodata£€Model.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąCommon€requirements€should€also€be€explored€with€the€hydrographic,€maritime,€andĻbathymetric€communities,€including€¢IHO£,€IMO,€¢NOAA£,€¢NIMA£,€Coast€Guard,€and€¢FGDC£ĻBathymetric€Subcommittee.€These€groups€have€some€standards€for€raster€(and€hybrid€raster„¼vector)€nautical€charts€related€to€Electronic€Chart€Display€&€Information€Systems€(¢ECDIS£)Ļand€Raster€Chart€Display€Systems€(¢RCDS£).€€These€standards€include€¢HCRF£€format€for€theĻAdmiralty€Raster€Chart€Service€(ARCS),€DIGEST€raster€form,€and€¢BSB£€format€for€RasterĻNautical€Charts€(¢RNC£ššs).€€Support€for€raster„based€¢transactional£€(change„only)€updates€toĻsmall,€indexed€areas€or€tiles,€and€š šprint€on€demand€capabilitiesšš€are€important€developmentsĻin€this€community.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢SRPBE£€may€be€related€to€recommendations€from€the€1992€¢IDON£€report€on€a€DIGESTĻVector€Profile€to€¢SDTS£€that€also€suggested€a€DIGEST€Matrix€Profile€and€a€DIGEST€RasterĻProfile€to€¢SDTS£.€€The€Raster€Product€Format€(¢RPF£),€used€for€a€number€of€¢NIMA£€productsĻ(e.g.,€¢ADRG£),€should€also€be€included€in€the€scope€of€this€continuing€€harmonizationĻactivity.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€USGS€reached€agreement€with€the€National€Aeronautics€and€Space€AdministrationĻ(NASA)€in€1993€to€harmonize€¢SDTS£€with€the€Hierarchical€Data€Format€(¢HDF£)€proposedĻas€the€distribution€format€for€all€Earth€Observation€System€(EOS)€data€collected€by€NASAĻin€the€future.€€This€harmonization€is€challenging€because€¢HDF£€and€¢SDTS£€have€differingĻgoals€and€perspectives,€but€they€also€share€common€raster€data€structures.€€The€differencesĻpreclude€complete€definition€of€one€in€terms€of€the€other.€€However,€the€two€agencies€haveĻagreed€to€develop€a€strategy€to€bring€the€two€standards€into€alignment.€€The€National€CenterĻfor€Supercomputing€Applications€(¢NCSA£)€was€recommended€to€lead€the€harmonizationĻstudy.€€See€the€¢HDF£€page€at€ą Ą ąą  ą¢http£://¢hdf.ncsa.uiuc.edu£/ŠP ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąš šThis€harmonization€study€would€not€propose€eliminating€either€one€of€these€standards,€butĻwould€focus€on€overlapping€structures€and€data€elements€common€to€both,€and€wouldĻidentify€ways€of€bringing€the€two€standards€closer€together.šš€€(¢Szemraj£,€1994).€€The€currentĻgoal€is€to€have€the€appropriate€level€of€¢SDTS£€capability€available€in€version€1.0€of€the€EOSĻData€Information€System€(¢EOSDIS£),€but€no€work€is€presently€underway.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€proposed€¢FGDC£€š šContent€Standard€for€Remote€Sensing€Swath€Datašš€should€also€beĻstudied€for€potential€relationships€to€¢SDTS£€Part€5.€€This€new€swath€data€model€for€remoteĻsensing€š šsupports€the€development€of€the€NSDI€by€providing€a€common€framework€for€theĻorganization€of€a€wide€range€of€remotely€sensed€data.€€The€model€will€be€particularly€usefulĻfor€data€from€scanning,€profiling,€staring,€or€push-broom€type€remote€sensing€instruments,Ļwhether€they€be€ground€based,€shipboard,€airborne,€or€space€borne.šš€€This€model€willĻprovide€š ša€solid€basis€from€which€to€develop€interoperable€data€formats€for€this€commonĻform€of€remote€sensing€data.€€The€data€model€shall€define€the€minimal€content€requirementsĻfor€a€swath€and€the€relationships€among€its€individual€components.€It€shall€also€discuss€theĻtreatment€of€optional€supporting€information€within€the€swath€model.šš€€[text€from€proposalĻon€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€web€pages].Š ` (#` (# ŠŠ €+Š&. Їņ ņŌ‡ĀūÆ Ā%&dlŌ3.ą0  ąņņPoint€Profile,€¢SDTS£€Part€6ó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€Point€Profile€is€designed€to€transfer€and€archive€digital€¢geospatial£€point€data€that€can€have€very€preciseĻlocations.€€Points€are€the€primary€components.€€Chains,€areas,€grid€cells,€and€topological€relationships€are€notĻsupported€in€this€profile.€€High€precision€National€Geodetic€Survey€(¢NGS£)€geodetic€network€control€point€dataĻand€Bureau€of€Land€Management€(¢BLM£)€survey€point€data€can€use€this€profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢FGDC£€Federal€Geodetic€Control€Subcommittee€(¢FGCS£),€National€Oceanic€and€AtomosphericĻAdministration€(¢NOAA£)€National€Geophysical€Data€Center€(¢NGDC£),€and€¢NOAA£€¢NGS£€are€the€primary€sponsorsĻand€coordinators€for€this€profile.€€¢NGS£€plans€to€distribute€data€for€more€than€one„million€control€points€usingĻthe€¢SDTS£€Point€Profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą  ąą0 ` ąAdditional€interest€in€the€point€profile€has€come€from€¢BLM£,€the€Software€Information€Systems€Council€of€AgĻElectronics€Association€(AEA)€(precision€agriculture),€and€from€the€Survey€Data€Management€System€(¢SDMS£)Ļtask€force€of€the€American€Association€of€State€Highway€Transportation€Officials€(¢AASHTO£).Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąInformation€about€the€Point€Profile€is€available€at€the€¢FGCS£€home€pageŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.ngs.noaa.gov£/¢FGCS£/¢fgcs.html£Ģą  ąą ` ąand€click€on€š š¢FGCS£€Technical€Publications.ššĢĢą0  ą€€Documents€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢NOAA£€and€USGS€have€worked€to€develop€a€draft€document€for€the€Point€Profile€that€uses€the€¢TVP£€documentĻas€a€guide.€€The€December€1996€draft€version€of€the€Point€Profile€(¢SDTS£€Part€6)€is€available€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.ngs.noaa.gov£/¢FGCS£/¢sdtsp.html£Ģą  ąą ` ąorĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/pub/standards/¢SDTS_pt_profile£/ĢĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€Point€Profile€has€passed€11€of€the€12€steps€for€formal€¢FGDC£€approval.€€All€that€remains€is€final€endorsementĻby€the€¢FGDC£€Steering€Committee,€which€should€occur€€in€the€second€half€of€1997.€€Information€on€the€statusĻthe€Point€Profile€is€available€from€the€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€site€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/¢SWG£/¢swgstat.html£ĢĢą0  ą€€Software€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSoftware€that€supports€the€Point€Profile€will€be€part€of€the€Common€Software€Platform€(CSP)€and€the€¢SDTS£++Ļtoolkit€for€access€and€interface€to€¢SDTS£.€€Contact€the€¢SDTS£€task€force€(¢sdts£@¢usgs.gov£)€for€details.€€¢NOAA£„¼¢NGDC£€is€also€building€Point€Profile€¢encoders£€and€decoders€using€their€š š¢FreeForm£šš€software.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Translators€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢NOAA£€¢NGDC£€has€been€in€contact€with€GIS€vendors€relative€to€Point€Profile€translators.€€A€Point€ProfileĻtranslator€may€be€available€in€version€8.x€of€Arc/INFO.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Data€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢NOAA£€¢NGS£€plans€to€distribute€data€for€more€than€one„million€control€points€using€the€¢SDTS£€Point€Profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Conformance€Testing€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąConformance€testing€may€be€arranged€after€¢FGDC£€approval.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąANSI€approval€may€be€sought€after€¢FGDC£€approval.€€The€use€of€the€Point€Profile€for€¢PLSS£€corners€and€forĻbathymetric€soundings€may€be€considered.€€The€relationship€of€¢SDTS£€and€the€Point€Profile€to€other€point,Ļgeodetic,€and€surveying€formats€should€also€be€investigated.€€These€formats€include:€€¢SDMS£€from€¢AASHTO£,Ļ¢IDEX£€from€¢Lieca£,€the€¢GPS£€format€from€the€National€Marine€electronics€Association€(¢NMEA£),€the€ReceiverĻIndependent€Exchange€(¢RINEX£„2)€format€from€¢NOAA£„¢NGS£,€the€Open€Navigation€Format,€the€¢WM102£€format,Ļńžń.ńžńthe€commercial€.¢SSF£€format,€and€the€¢WISCON£€coordinate€format€from€Wisconsin€DOT.Š ` (#` (# ŠŌ#†&dl% ĀĀūÆõ#ŌĢŠ ,X'9 Šņ ņŌ‡ō—˜ õ%&dlŌ4.ą0  ąņņComputer„Aided€Design€and€Drafting€(CADD)€Profileó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€purpose€of€a€generic€CADD€profile€to€¢SDTS£€is€to€support€the€exchange,€transfer,€and€archive€ofĻCADD€spatial€data.€€It€is€intended€for€CADD€users€who€are€doing€GIS„type€activities.€€It€is€notĻneeded€for€CADD€data€which€does€not€have€¢geospatial£€data€requirements.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€CADD€profile€may€require€the€use€of€¢SDTS£€arcs€(i.e.,€mathematically€defined€curves€such€asĻcircles€and€splines)€in€addition€to€other€vector€elements.€€Topological€relationships€may€not€beĻrequired.€€3„D€volume€elements€and€other€unique€CADD€elements€may€be€required.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢FGDC£€Facilities€Working€Group€and€the€U.S.€Army€Corps€of€Engineers€through€the€DOD€Tri„¼Service€CADD/GIS€Technology€Center€are€the€primary€sponsors€of€the€CADD€Profile.€€The€Tri„¼Service€Center€is€working€with€¢Cordant£,€Application€Software€Technologies€(AST),€and€¢Intergraph£Ļon€initial€investigations€of€a€CADD€Profile.€€Additional€interest€in€a€CADD€profile€has€come€fromĻ¢AutoDesk£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Documents€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą"Scope€of€Work"€contracts€for€the€¢SDTS£€CADD€Profile€were€awarded€by€the€Tri„Service€group€toĻ¢Cordant£€and€to€¢Intergraph£€in€late€1995.€€The€1996€reports€š šDevelopment€of€a€Spatial€Data€TransferĻStandard€(¢SDTS£)€Profile€for€the€Translation€of€¢MicroStation£€CADD€Elementsšš€from€¢Intergraph£€andĻš šDevelopment€of€a€Spatial€Data€Transfer€Standard€(¢SDTS£)€Profile€for€Translation€of€AutoCADĻCADD€Elementsšš€from€AST€are€available€on€the€¢FGDC£€Facilities€Working€Group€data€standards€siteĻatŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢corps_geo1£.¢usace.army.mil£/¢FGDC£/¢data_standards.html£ĢĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€October€1996€proposal€for€a€CADD€profile€is€available€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/pub/standards/CADD/¢procadd.txt£ĢĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€CADD€Profile€has€passed€the€first€3€of€the€12€steps€for€formal€¢FGDC£€approval,€and€a€project€toĻdevelop€the€profile€has€been€endorsed€by€the€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€(¢SWG£).€€InformationĻon€the€status€the€CADD€Profile€is€available€from€the€¢FGDC£€¢SWG£€site€atŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£/¢SWG£/ĢĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€document€š š¢SDTS£€CADD€Profile:€for€Tri„Service€CADD/GIS€Centeršš€from€¢Aztech£€Corp.€becameĻavailable€in€August€1997.€€This€document€will€be€sent€to€the€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€fromĻthe€¢FGDC£€Facilities€Working€Group€to€begin€the€review€process.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąANSI€approval€will€be€considered€after€¢FGDC£€approval.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€role€of€an€¢SDTS£€CADD€Profile€in€relationship€to€ANSI€¢IGES£,€¢PDES£/STEP,€and€¢ISO£€10303Ļshould€be€investigated.€€A€CADD€profile€to€¢SDTS£€should€have€an€easy€translation€to€¢PDES£„¼STEP/CADD.€€The€extension€of€¢PDES£€to€accommodate€GIS€through€an€¢ISO£€10303€applicationĻprotocol€for€GIS€has€been€mentioned.€€The€¢DWG£€graphics€file€format€has€also€been€mentioned€as€aĻpossible€industry€standard€for€¢geospatial£€and€CAD€data.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąA€January€1996€A/E/C€Systems€article€indicates€that€an€object„based€model€is€recommended€for€CADĻdata€exchange.€€Additional€investigation€is€needed€to€determine€how€the€proposed€CADD€profile€mayĻbe€similar€to€the€proposed€¢SDTS£€object„based€profile€and€¢nontopological£€vector€profile.Ō#†&dl% õō—˜ń”#ŌŠ\+¬&2` (#` (# ŠŠ ",r'3 Šņ ņŌ‡ĀūÆ Ā%&dlŌ5.ą  ąņņTransportation€Profile(s)ó óóóŠ ° ŠĢą  ąIncluding:ą0 ø ą(1)€current€Transportation€Network€Profile€(¢TNP£),Š`ø (#ø (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą(2)€proposed€complete€transportation€transfer€profile,Ģą  ąą ` ąą ø ą(3)€proposed€ITS€profile€with€¢subprofiles£.€ĢĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€current€and€proposed€transportation€profiles€to€¢SDTS£€are€all€designed€to€transfer€and€archive€digitalĻ¢geospatial£€data€about€transportation€networks€(e.g.,€roadways,€railways,€navigable€waterways,€transit€systems),Ļtransportation€facilities,€and€related€events€and€features.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(1)€¢TNP£€„„Š ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢TNP£€is€designed€to€allow€the€seamless€representation€of€overpassing€roadways€using€spatial€primitives€thatĻneed€not€be€broken€at€overpasses€and€underpasses.€€To€accommodate€this,€¢TNP£€data€is€not€limited€to€a€planarĻgraph€at€the€basic€geometry€element€level.€€š šChain€to€nodešš€relationships€are€the€only€required€topologicalĻrelationships€between€spatial€primitives.€€Areas€are€not€required.€€€The€primary€¢SDTS£€objects€are€network€chains,Ļnodes,€and€composite€objects€(used€for€routes).Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSome€sample€railway€data€in€¢SDTS£„¢TNP£€is€available.€€Future€use€of€the€¢TNP£€by€the€US€DOT€for€data€distributionĻand€data€exchange€will€be€considered€after€reconciliation€of€the€¢TNP£€with€the€proposed€¢SDTS£€ITS€(¢GDF£)€profile,Ļand€reconciliation€with€the€a€proposed€transportation€profile€to€¢SDTS£€that€supports€linear€referencing€and€isĻbased€on€a€complete€enterprise€GIS„T€data€model.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(2)€Complete€Transportation€Profile€„„Š ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€proposed,€more€complete,€transportation€transfer€profile€to€¢SDTS£€will€be€based€on€an€enterprise€GIS„T€dataĻmodel€from€the€recent€work€of€Ken€¢Dueker£€and€Al€Butler€(1997).€€One€aspect€of€this€profile€is€more€support€forĻthe€linear€location€referencing€of€both€tangible€objects€and€characteristics€from€the€earlier€¢LRS£€data€modelĻresearch€coordinated€by€Alan€¢Vonderohe£€and€refined€in€the€¢ISTEA£€Pooled€Fund€work€of€David€Fletcher€andĻassociates.€€For€transportation€data,€¢SDTS£€needs€to€š šprovide€an€attribute„centric€way€to€transfer€transportationĻsystem€characteristics€independently€of€cartographyšš€[from€¢Dueker£€&€Butler,€1997].Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€enterprise€GIS„T€model€supports€multiple,€independent€cartographic€representations,€e.g.,€bridge€geometryĻas€points€or€point€events€at€low€resolution€and€as€strings€or€linear€events€at€high€resolution.€€It€supports€variableĻlinear€feature€segmentation€as€an€alternative€to€rigid€segmentation.€€New€or€modified€¢SDTS£€terms€are€included,Ļwith€a€greater€distinction€between€(¢i£)€geographic€or€real„world€references€and€locations€and€(ii)€cartographicĻreferences€and€locations€for€map€related€CAD€and€GIS€graphic€elements.€€New€linear€datum€objects€includeĻanchor€points,€anchor€sections,€and€reference€points.€€The€use€of€a€š štransportation€featurešš€with€a€permanent,Ļunique€identifier€within€a€jurisdiction€is€included.€€There€is€advanced€support€for€names.€€Junctions€can€beĻ¢subtyped£€as€intersections,€interchanges,€overpasses,€¢intermodal£€connections,€and€intersections€with€boundaries;Ļand€they€can€be€related€to€points€at€small€scales€and€strings€or€interchange€drawings€at€large€scales.€€TheseĻjunctions€can€be€linked€to€information€for€traffic€control,€turn€possibilities,€overpass€loads,€and€underpassĻclearances.€€The€¢Dueker£/Butler€model€also€provides€support€street€addresses€as€a€for€of€linear€referencing.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(3)€ITS€Profile€„„Š ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąAn€Intelligent€Transportation€Systems€(ITS)€profile€to€¢SDTS£,€or€a€Graphic€Data€Files€(¢GDF£)€profile€to€¢SDTS£,Ļhas€been€proposed€by€the€ITS€community€in€the€U.S.€(ITS€America,€¢NavTech£,€¢ETAK£,€AAA,€Ford,€Oak€Ridge,Ļ¢SAE£,€etc.).€€The€ITS€profile€to€¢SDTS£€will€probably€be€based€on€¢GDF£,€but€there€is€a€small€chance€that€it€couldĻbe€non„¢GDF£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąš šWhat€is€¢GDF£?Š ø (#ø (# Šń©ńĢń©ńą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą8ø ` (#` (#ąš š¢GDF£€Geographic€Data€Files€is€a€European€[¢CEN£]€standard,€that€is€used€to€describe€andĻtransfer€road€networks€and€road€related€data.€€It€is€much€more€than€a€generic€GIS€standard,Ļbecause€¢GDF£€gives€rules€how€to€capture€the€data,€how€the€features,€attributes,€and€relationsĻhave€been€defined.Š ø Š ø Š  ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą8ø ` (#` (#ąš š...€Itššs€primary€use€will€be€for€car€navigation€systems€(Bosch,€¢Philps£,€Volvo,€etc.),€but€it€isĻvery€usable€for€many€other€transport€and€traffic€applications...šš€ńØńŠą+0'9ø Š ø Š  Šą  ąą  ąą  ąńØńńŖńŠ ø Š ø Š  ŠńŖńń«ńą  ąń«ńń¬ńą ` ąń¬ńń­ńą ø ąń­ńń®ńą  ąń®ńńÆńą h ąńÆńą Ą ąą  ą[From€¢http£://¢www.ingr.com£/¢ehq£/¢gdf£]Š ą+0'9 Їą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢GDF£€(¢CEN£,€1995)€uses€a€feature„based€model,€similar€to€DIGEST/¢VPF£€and€USGS€DLG„F€(Hickman,€1995).€ĻThis€allows€use€of€a€topologically€structured€planar€graph€at€the€primitive€geometry€level,€while€supportingĻ¢nonplanar£€transportation€network€components€(seamless,€overpassing€road€segments)€at€the€simple€feature€level.€Ļ¢GDF£€also€supports€multi„scale€feature€representations,€and€explicit€relationships€between€features.€€¢ISO£€TC€204Ļ¢WG£€3€subgroup€3.1€is€working€on€an€international€map€database€transfer€standard€for€ITS€based€on€an€¢ISO£Ļupdate€of€¢GDF£€from€¢CEN£€TC€278.€€The€¢ISO£€version€of€¢GDF£€should€be€available€in€1998.€€¢GDF£€uses€¢ISO£€8211Ļat€the€physical€implementation€level,€similar€to€¢SDTS£€and€DIGEST.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢GDF£€provides€some€basic€support€for€linear€location€referencing.€€Attributes€in€¢GDF£€are€associated€with€aĻš šfeature€in€such€a€way€that€they€reference€a€certain€part€of€it.€€These€attributes€are€called€ššSegmented€Attributes.šš€ĻWith€line€features,€the€part€which€is€referenced€by€the€segmented€attributed€is€defined€by€a€ššposition€fromšš€andĻa€ššposition€tošš€value.€€These€positions€represent€the€¢curvimetric£€distancešš€[from€1992€¢GDF£€Attribute€Catalogue].€Ļ¢Curvimetric£€distance€is€based€on€the€representational€geometry,€which€may€not€be€as€robust€as€the€linear€locationĻreferencing€used€in€the€other€transportation€profile€proposed€by€¢Dueker£€and€Butler.€€Version€3.0€of€¢GDF£€(¢CEN£,Ļ1995)€accommodates€addresses€in€section€5.2.10€(Address€Area).Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąIn€a€1994€meeting,€the€¢IVHS£€America€(now€ITS€America)€Standards€and€Protocols€Subcommittee€on€MapĻDatabases€and€Information€Systems€developed€requirements€for€a€¢GDF£€profile€to€¢SDTS£.€€These€requirementsĻincluded€possible€specific€¢subprofiles£€€based€on€ITS€business€areas,€including€Advanced€Public€TransportationĻSystems€(¢APTS£)€(¢Watje£€&€¢Okunieff£,€1995),€Commercial€Vehicle€Operations€(¢CVO£),€and€Advanced€VehicleĻControl€Systems€(¢AVCS£).€€The€¢APTS£€¢subprofile£€to€¢SDTS£€was€also€suggested€as€a€transit€¢subprofile£€to€the€¢TNP£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(1)€The€¢FGDC£€Ground€Transportation€Subcommittee€(GTS)€and€the€US€DOT€Bureau€of€Transportation€StatisticsĻ(¢BTS£)€were€the€primary€sponsors€of€the€¢TNP£,€with€development€work€done€at€the€¢Volpe£€National€TransportationĻSystems€Center.€€Additional€information€is€available€on„line€at€the€¢BTS£€web€siteą x ą¢http£://¢www.bts.gov£/Šą0` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąor€the€¢FGDC£€Ground€Transportation€Subcommittee€(GTS)€web€siteŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ą¢http£://¢www.bts.gov£/¢fgdc£/¢fgdc.html£Ģą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢FGDC£€GTS€is€also€very€interested€in€¢GDF£„based€transfer€standard€with€more€linear€location€referencingĻsupport.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(2)€Prof.€Ken€¢Dueker£€at€Portland€State€University€and€Al€Butler€from€Florida€have€recommended€the€completeĻtransportation€profile€based€on€an€enterprise€GIS„T€data€model.€€E„mail€for€this€issue€can€be€sent€to€Al€Butler€at¼ą ø ą¢abutler£@¢nettally.com£Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(3)€ITS€America,€Oak€Ridge€National€Labs,€and€¢Viggen£€Corp.€are€involved€with€the€ITS€profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Documents€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(1)€Requirements€for€the€¢TNP£€have€been€documented.€€Version€1.1€of€the€¢TNP£€is€dated€February€1,€1996€andĻis€available€at€the€¢BTS£€or€¢FGDC£€GTS€web€sitesŠ ` (#` (# ŠĢą  ąą0 ` ą(2)€The€1997€document€š šGIS„T€Enterprise€Data€Model€with€Suggested€Implementation€Choicesšš€by€¢Dueker£€andĻButler€is€available€atą h ą¢http£://¢www.upa.pdx.edu£/¢CUS£/А!ą*` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąand€includes€¢SDTS£€recommendations€for€transportation€in€Appendix€5.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą  ąą0 ` ą(3)€Requirements€for€an€ITS€profile€were€developed€by€ITS€America's€Standards€and€Protocols€SubcommitteeĻfor€Map€Database€and€Information€Systems€in€1994.€€More€¢GDF£„specific€information€is€available€¢atą @Ü ą¼http£://¢www.intergraph.com£/¢ehq£/¢gdf£/¢index.htm£Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Software€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢SDTS£€¢TNP£€Encoding€Software€has€been€developed€at€the€US€DOT€¢Volpe£€National€Transportation€SystemsĻCenter,€Cambridge,€Massachusetts.€€Information€is€available€at€the€¢FGDC£€GTS€web€site.€€¢SDTS£€¢TNP£,€as€wellĻas€¢SDTS£€¢TVP£,€are€supported€by€the€¢GeoMorph£€conversion€tool€developed€by€Application€SoftwareĻTechnologies,€Inc.Š ` (#` (# Šń°ńĢĢĢń°ńŠ ą+0'9 Šą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢GDF£,€along€with€¢SDTS£,€DIGEST,€and€similar€exchange€standards€have€been€suggested€as€¢ISO£€standards€(seeĻlater€section€on€¢ISO£€harmonization).€€Some€reconciliation€among€standards€may€be€required€by€¢ISO£.€€TheĻproposed€ITS€(¢GDF£)€profile€to€¢SDTS£€fits€into€this€harmonization€effort.€€¢SDTS£€is€a€¢configurable£€standard€so€itĻcan€be€made€to€accommodate€the€models€of€other€standards€such€as€the€feature„based€models€of€¢GDF£€andĻDIGEST/¢VPF£.€€Because€of€the€¢configurable£€nature€and€model€independence€of€¢SDTS£,€it€has€been€recommendedĻas€a€š šharmonizing€agentšš€or€š šumbrellašš€for€other€standards.€€DIGEST€should€also€be€considered€in€thisĻtransportation€discussion€because€it€is€now€designated€as€a€civilian€transportation€standard€in€Canada€and€as€aĻgeneral€standard€by€the€defense€communities€of€many€nations.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€requirements€and€possibilities€for€one€or€two€new€transportation€profiles€to€¢SDTS£€€need€to€be€clarified€andĻdocumented.€€Some€of€the€overlapping€possibilities€may€include€the€following.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą€(a)€Wait€for€several€possible€developments.€€Wait,€watch,€and€react€to€further€standards€developments€at€the€¢ISO£Ļlevel€among€¢SDTS£,€¢GDF£,€and€DIGEST/¢VPF£€(discussed€later).€€Wait€for€further€¢SDTS£€developments,€e.g.,€€aĻmore€inclusive€object„based€profile€(discussed€later)€which€may€be€related€to€an€archive€standard€for€¢OpenGIS£.€ĻWait€for€further€momentum€or€requirements€from€¢FGDC£,€e.g.,€for€framework€distribution€and€archive.€€Wait€forĻfurther€requirements€and€demand€from€major€data€producers€and€GIS€vendors.€€Wait€for€sufficient€userĻdissatisfaction€with€current€use€of€format€translators€for€spatial€data€exchange.€€Use€¢SDTS£„¢TVP£€(see€D.€SchmidtĻ1997€thesis)€for€transportation€data€exchange€while€waiting.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą€(b)€Replace€or€modify€the€¢TNP£€into€two€transportation€standards;€a€¢GDF£€profile€to€¢SDTS£€to€accommodate€theĻITS€community€and€an€enterprise€GIS„T€profile.€€Doing€¢GDF£,€GIS„T,€and€¢SDTS£€all€at€once€may€(or€may€not)Ļbe€too€large€an€initial€task.€€An€ITS€profile€may€be€a€first€step,€with€the€intention€to€include€GIS„T€and€¢LRS£Ļrequirements€as€a€second€step€after€learning€from€the€first€step.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(c)€Define€an€overall€architecture€or€approach€(Butler,€1997€correspondence),€then€develop€a€single,€combinedĻGIS„T€and€¢GDF£„based€ITS€profile€to€¢SDTS£€as€š šTHE€Transportation€Profile€to€¢SDTS£.šš€€This€will€help€avoidĻrendering€any€initial€components€obsolete.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(d)€Work€with€developers€of€a€proposed€object„based€profile€to€¢SDTS£€and€with€the€new€¢OGC£€(¢OpenGIS£)ĻTransportation€Domain€Technical€Working€Group€to€include€complete€transportation€and€¢GDF£€requirements€inĻthe€object„based€profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThere€are€various€pros€and€cons€for€each€of€these€possibilities.€€Some€transportation€specific€presentations€andĻdiscussions€are€planned€for€an€¢SDTS£€workshop€in€September,€1997.€€This€document€should€be€updated€afterĻthose€meetings.Š ` (#` (# ŠŌ#†&dl% ĀĀūÆŚ±#ŌĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢń±ńĢń±ńĢĢĢŠ  +š&5 Šņ ņŌ‡XøSX%&dlŌ6.ą0  ąņņCadastral€Data€Transfer€Profile€Utilizing€¢SDTS£ó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€Cadastral€Data€Transfer€Profile€will€support€the€vendor„neutral€transfer€ofĻcadastral€data€that€complies€with€the€¢FGDC£€Cadastral€Data€Content€Standard.€€This€Ļprofile€will€accommodate€survey€data€from€the€Bureau€of€Land€Management€(¢BLM£)ĻAutomated€Land€and€Mineral€Records€System€(¢ALMRS£).€€The€Cadastral€DataĻTransfer€Profile€is€not€strictly€a€new€profile€of€¢SDTS£,€but€is€a€mechanism€for€theĻexchange€of€cadastral€information€using€a€combination€of€¢SDTS£€and€three€otherĻ¢FGDC£€standards.€€Developers€hope€to€take€advantage€of€the€existing€TopologicalĻVector€Profile€(¢TVP£)€of€¢SDTS£.,€with€some€consideration€for€the€€new€Point€Profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€¢FGDC£€Cadastral€Subcommittee€and€¢BLM£€are€the€primary€sponsors€andĻcoordinators€for€this€profile.€€¢TRW£€is€also€involved€in€the€activity€through€¢BLM£.€ĻInformation€on€the€Cadastral€Subcommittee€efforts€toward€Cadastral€standards€isĻavailable€through€the€main€¢FGDC£€web€siteŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą¢http£://¢www.fgdc.gov£ĢĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąWork€on€the€Cadastral€Data€Transfer€Standard€was€placed€on€hold€until€completionĻof€the€Content€Standard€for€Cadastral€Data.€€The€Content€Standard€for€Cadastral€DataĻnow€has€formal€¢FGDC£€endorsement.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€Content€Standard€includes€circular€curves€and€other€curves€with€constantlyĻchanging€direction.€€These€curves€are€supported€in€¢SDTS£€as€š šarcs,šš€and€are€optionsĻin€the€current€¢TVP£€but€require€redundant€coding€as€lines€in€a€¢TVP£€transfer.€€ThisĻmeans€that€decoders€that€do€not€support€arcs€would€still€be€able€to€decode€theĻinformation€using€the€redundant€lines.€€This€is€one€of€several€issues€for€developersĻof€the€Cadastral€Data€Transfer€Profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąMore€information€will€be€available€after€the€September€1997€¢SDTS£€workshopĻpresentations€by€individuals€from€¢BLM£€and€¢TRW£.Š ` (#` (# ŠŌ#†&dl%XXøSąē#ŌĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢŠ Œ+Ü&+ Їņ ņŌ‡ĀūÆ Ā%&dlŌ7.ą0  ąņņPrimitive,€¢NonTopological£€Vector€Profileó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą  ąa.k.a.ą ` ąPrimitive€¢SDTS£€Vector€Profile,ą Ą ąą  ą¢SDTS£€Lite,Š ` Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąClean€Spaghetti€Profile€to€¢SDTS£,ą Ą ąą0` (#` (#ąPrimitive€Transfer€Standard,ŠĄ(#(# Šą  ąą ` ąSimple€Spatial€Form,ą0 h ąą0Ąh(#h(#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ąDIGEST€Spaghetti€ProfileŠpĄ(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąA€primitive,€¢nontopological£,€vector€profile€to€¢SDTS£€has€been€suggested€as€a€way€to€transfer€digital€vectorĻ¢geospatial£€data€that€is€not€constrained€to€a€planar€graph€and€not€structured€using€topological€relationships.€€ThisĻtype€of€data€is€sometimes€referred€to€as€"spaghetti"€data€and€may€use€¢SDTS£€strings.€€Graphic,€topological,€andĻraster€elements€would€not€be€allowed.€€One€purpose€of€a€"primitive"€profile€is€to€simplify€¢SDTS£€for€desktopĻsystems€and€low€end€map€data€users,€and€make€it€work€for€"the€little€guy."€€All„ASCII€physical€encoding€andĻlimited„metadata€requirements€have€also€been€mentioned€as€part€of€this€primitive€vector€profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€USGS€considered€a€¢nontopological£€vector€profile€at€one€time€for€the€distribution€of€a€proposed,€but€laterĻrejected,€elevation€product€of€tagged€vector€contour€(¢TVC£)€data.€€The€¢USFS£€Cartographic€Feature€File€(¢CFF£)Ļdata€might€be€appropriate€for€a€€¢nontopological£€vector€profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąBased€on€a€request€from€Henry€Tom€(¢NIMA£€&€ANSI),€the€¢SAIC£€contractors€to€¢NIMA£€proposed€a€Simple€SpatialĻForm€(Special€Sub„Profile)€of€¢SDTS£€and€DIGEST€during€a€1996€meeting€on€the€harmonization€of€¢SDTS£€andĻ¢VPF£.€€This€Simple€Spatial€Form€would€be€composed€of€š šcleanšš€spaghetti€data,€which€does€not€have€explicitĻtopological€relationships€but€could€be€topologically€structures€quickly€without€needing€a€separate€cleaning€stepĻto€find€and€remove€small€gaps,€overshoots,€and€slivers.€€The€¢SAIC£€proposal€included€a€one„to„one€relationshipĻbetween€spatial€primitives€and€basic€features,€thus€keeping€some€of€the€feature„based€flavor€of€¢VPF£.€€DiscussionĻof€this€simple,€clean€spaghetti,€profile€included€suggestions€for€its€use€for€NSDI€Framework,€for€a€Tri„ServicesĻCADD€profile,€and€for€¢OpenGIS£€š šwell€known€structures.ššŠ ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąUSGS€researchers€in€Reston€and€Woods€Hole,€in€addition€to€individuals€from€the€Virginia€State€Geologist'sĻOffice€and€the€Dept.€of€Geology€at€the€College€of€William€and€Mary€were€the€original€advocates€for€this€profile.€ĻSeveral€individuals€at€the€1996€meeting€on€¢SDTS£€and€DIGEST€also€expressed€interest€in€this€concept,€includingĻrepresentatives€from€¢NIMA£,€¢SAIC£,€Tri„Services,€and€¢OGC£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąInformation€from€the€June€1996€Woods€Hole€meeting€on€this€issue€is€available€from€Robin€¢Fegeas£€of€USGS.€ĻNotes€from€the€September€1996€Reston€meeting€with€¢NIMA£€and€¢SAIC£€are€available€from€Charles€Hickman€ofĻUSGS€(¢chickman£@¢usgs.gov£)..Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€requirements€for€an€primitive,€¢nontopological£,€vector€profile€to€¢SDTS£€may€overlap€some€of€the€requirementsĻfor€a€CADD€profile,€an€object„based€profile,€or€a€DIGEST€spaghetti€profile.€€This€should€be€investigated.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąOne€purpose€for€a€simple,€vector,€all„ASCII€profile€is€to€help€avoid€the€complexity€of€¢SDTS£€(or€¢VPF£).€€CurrentĻdevelopment€by€USGS€and€contractors€of€improved,€windows„based€tools€to€read,€write,€and€view€¢SDTS£€andĻ¢ISO£€8211€will€hide€much€of€this€complexity,€and€may€lessen€the€need€for€an€ASCII€implementation€(rather€thanĻ¢ISO£€8211)€of€¢SDTS£,€and€remove€some€of€the€requirements€for€a€simple€profile.€€Richard€Hogan€from€the€¢FGDC£Ļstates,€Š ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą8ø ` (#` (#ąš šWhat€they€[users]€want€is€a€complex€solution€that€is€invisible€to€them€„€powerfulĻapplications€with€€ššpoint€and€clickšš€interfaces€„€lossless€transfers€of€complex€spatial€data€thatĻrequires€no€user€interaction€or€understanding€of€the€underlying€standards.€...€Complex€toolsĻthat€help€application€developers€ššhidešš€¢SDTS£€is€[the€right€way€to€go].ššŠ ø Š ø Š  Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSeveral€of€these€new€tools€will€be€presented€at€the€September,€1997€¢SDTS£€workshop.€€Keeping€a€single€(¢ISO£„¼8211)€physical€implementation€of€¢SDTS£€will€also€help€with€the€overall€data€exchange€situation.Š ` (#` (# ŠŌ#†&dl% ĀĀūÆuń#ŌĢĢń²ńĢń²ńĢŠ Š+ '8 Šņ ņ8.ą0  ąņņNon„US€Profiles€and€Versions€of€¢SDTS£ó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ąUse€of€¢SDTS£€has€not€been€limited€to€the€Unites€States.€€Several€nations€have€formally€adoptedĻ¢SDTS£,€with€modifications€to€the€base€document,€such€as€removal€of€State€Plane€Coordinate€SystemĻcapabilities€which€are€US€specific.€€¢SDTS£€is€also€being€used€and€considered€in€several€other€nationsĻbut€has€not€yet€achieved€formal€adoption.€€Current€interest€in€¢SDTS£€seems€strongest€in€Asia,€theĻPacific€rim,€and€eastern€Europe.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąVersions€of€¢SDTS£€that€are€modified€to€meet€national€requirements€are€not€necessarily€the€same€asĻprofiles€to€¢SDTS£,€but€there€are€some€similarities.€€National€versions€of€¢SDTS£€and€profiles€to€¢SDTS£Ļcan€both€prescribe€limits€and€extensions€to€the€base€US€¢SDTS£€standard.€€If€€a€harmonized,Ļinternational€form€of€¢SDTS£€(with€DIGEST,€¢NTF£,€¢GDF£,€S„57,€etc.)€becomes€an€¢ISO£€standard,€thenĻnation„specific€profiles€to€¢ISO£€¢SDTS£€may€not€be€required,€thus€improving€overall€data€exchangeĻcapabilities.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąAustralia€and€New€Zealand€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€combined€Australia€and€New€Zealand€standards€group€at€the€Australasian€Spatial€DataĻExchange€¢Centre£€(¢AUSDEC£)€has€adopted€¢SDTS£€with€some€modifications€as€¢AS£/¢NZS£€4270Ļwhich€is€a€voluntary€national€standard€in€both€nations.€€A€1991€draft€document€for€theĻ¢AUSLIG£€š šprofilešš€to€¢SDTS£€was€developed.€€¢SDTS£€is€currently€being€used€within€the€landĻinformation€community€in€Australia.€€Additional€information€on€this€activity€is€available€inĻ"Internationalizing€¢SDTS£:€An€Australasian€Experience"€by€Don€Miller€and€Richard€HumeĻin€the€July€1994€issue€of€ņņCartography€and€Geographic€Information€Systemsóó.€€The€currentŠ @ Šversion€of€AN/¢NZS£€4270€is€dated€1995.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąSouth€Korea€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąIn€October€of€1995€the€Republic€of€Korea€selected€¢SDTS£€as€their€primary€spatial€dataĻtransfer€(Kim€&€¢Ryu£,€1996).€€They€will€also€use€DIGEST„¢VPF£€when€required€for€militaryĻpurposes€to€match€NATO€standards.€€One€or€more€profiles€to€¢SDTS£€may€be€part€of€thisĻdecision.€€A€Korean€Urban€Information€System€initiative€has€adopted€the€TopologicalĻVector€Profile€(¢TVP£)€of€¢SDTS£€as€their€transfer€standard€and€has€contracted€with€Laser„ScanĻfor€the€development€of€translation€tools.€€The€Korean€Spatial€Data€Transfer€StandardĻ(¢KSDTS£)€is€based€on€¢SDTS£„¢FIPS£€173€with€proper€change€to€Korean€situations,€includingĻthe€Korean€character€set€(¢KSC£€5601).€€The€TM€coordinate€system€was€also€added€to€¢KSDTS£ĻParts€1€and€4.€€A€modified€entity€list€for€Korea€replaced€Part€2.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąMalaysia€and€southeast€Asia€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąA€group€of€southeast€Asian€nations€have€invited€Phyllis€¢Altheide£€(technical€lead€of€¢SDTS£ĻTask€Force€in€USGS)€to€provide€¢SDTS£€training€in€late€September,€1997.€€More€informationĻfor€this€document€should€be€available€after€that€time.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąIndia€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThere€is€some€use€of€¢SDTS£€in€India,€but€it€is€not€endorsed€at€the€national€level.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąChina€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąRichard€Hogan€of€the€¢FGDC£€Standards€Working€Group€indicates€that€China€has€translatedĻ¢SDTS£€into€Chinese.Š€+Š&.` (#` (# Їņ ņ9.ą  ąņņDIGEST€and€¢VPF£€Profilesó óóóŠ ° ŠĢą  ąIncluding:ą0 ø ą(1)€DIGEST€Vector€Profile€(¢DVP£)€to€¢SDTS£,Š`°ø (#ø (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ą€€€€€€€for€Vector€Product€Format€(¢VPF£)€or€DIGEST€A.Ģą  ąą ` ąą ø ą(2)€Relational€Vector€Profile€(¢RVP£)€to€¢SDTS£,Ģą  ąą ` ąą ø ą€€€€€€€for€Vector€Relational€Format€€(¢VRF£)€€or€DIGEST€C.Ģą  ąą ` ąą ø ą(3)€€possible€profiles€for€other€vector€and€raster€varieties€of€DIGEST.ĢĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€proposed€DIGEST/¢VPF£€profiles€to€¢SDTS£€are€designed€to€allow€transfer€of€digitalĻ¢geospatial£€data€that€conforms€to€both€¢SDTS£€and€DIGEST/¢VPF£.€€In€general,€a€¢VPF£€profileĻto€¢SDTS£€will€serve€as€a€š šbridgešš€between€¢SDTS£€and€¢VPF£€in€an€effort€to€harmonize€the€twoĻstandards.€€This€profile€activity€is€a€way€to€clarify€and€reconcile€information€in€bothĻstandards€so€that€they€are€more€similar€and€have€a€wider€area€of€overlap.€€Past€and€currentĻDIGEST/¢VPF£€profiles€to€¢SDTS£€will€also€be€valuable€in€any€future€efforts€by€¢ISO£€toĻharmonize€several€major€¢geospatial£€data€exchange€standards.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€Digital€Geographic€Exchange€Standard€(DIGEST)€(¢DGIWG£,€1994)€is€the€primaryĻspatial€data€exchange€standard€for€the€military€communities€of€many€nations,€includingĻNATO€nations.€€DIGEST€is€also€now€the€exchange€standard€of€the€civilian€transportationĻcommunity€in€Canada.€€The€DIGEST€standard€supports€data€models€forŠ ` (#` (# ŠŻ‚"/Ę’ŻŻ  Żą0  ąą ` ą€€Ż‚"/Ę^ŻŚƒ!Ś1Ś  Ś.ą0ø (#(#ąŻ  Żcomplete€topology€vector€(type€3€topology),Żƒ"/Ę^“ŻŪ€!یŠhøø (#ø (# ŠŒŻ  Żą  ąą ` ą€€2.ą0 ø ąplanar€graph€vector€(type€2€topology)Š@ø (#ø (# ŠŲ€!ŲŻ‚"/Ę’ŻŻ  Żą  ąą ` ą€€Ż‚"/ĘīŻŚƒ!Ś3Ś  Ś.ą0 ø ąŻ  Żchain„node€vector€(type€1€topology)Żƒ"/Ęī#ŻŪ€!یŠhø (#ø (# ŠŒŻ  ŻŻ‚"/Ę’ŻŻ  Żą0  ąą ` ą€€Ż‚"/Ęꯌƒ!Ś4Ś  Ś.ą0ø (#(#ąŻ  Żspaghetti€vector€(type€0€topology)Żƒ"/ĘęŻŪ€!یŠš@ø (#ø (# ŠŒŻ  ŻŻ‚"/Ę’ŻŻ  Żą0  ąą ` ą€€Ż‚"/ĘåŻŚƒ!Ś5Ś  Ś.ą0ø (#(#ąŻ  Żraster€(graphic,€not€image)€dataŻƒ"/ĘåŻŪ€!یŠČø (#ø (# ŠŒŻ  ŻŻ‚"/Ę’ŻŻ  Żą0  ąą ` ą€€Ż‚"/ĘāŻŚƒ!Ś6Ś  Ś.ą0ø (#(#ąŻ  Żmatrix€(elevation€&€thematic,€not€image)€dataŻƒ"/ĘāŻŪ€!یŠ šø (#ø (# ŠŒŻ  Żą0  ąą0` (#(#ą¢VPF£€and€¢VRF£€are€the€¢NIMA£€feature„based,€complete€topology€vector€implementations€ofĻDIGEST€A€and€DIGEST€C€(respectively)€for€direct€use€as€well€as€data€transfer.€€¢VPF£€orĻ¢VRF£€is€the€distribution€format€for€Digital€Chart€of€the€World€(¢DCW£),€Digital€Nautical€ChartĻ(DNC),€and€other€¢NIMA£€products.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(1)€The€DIGEST€Vector€Profile€(¢DVP£)€to€¢SDTS£€was€successfully€defined€and€documentedĻin€1992€by€¢IDON£€under€contract€to€¢DMA£.€€DIGEST€content€is€specified€by€the€¢FACC£Ļfeature€catalog.€€The€¢DVP£€requires€¢FACC£€use.€€Implementation€of€the€¢DVP£€has€not€been€aĻhigh€priority€because€of€limited€use€of€feature„oriented€DIGEST€A€in€favor€of€relationalĻ(and€conceptually€feature„based)€DIGEST€C.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(2)€The€Relational€Vector€Profile€(¢RVP£)€to€¢SDTS£€was€developed€in€1996€by€¢SAIC£€underĻcontract€to€¢NIMA£.€€This€profile€may€also€be€considered€a€¢VPF£€Relational€Profile€to€¢SDTS£Ļand€a€DIGEST€C€Profile€to€¢SDTS£.€€¢RVP£€suggests€¢VPF£€encapsulation€rather€than€¢ISO£€8211Ļat€the€physical€implementation€levelŠ ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(3)€¢SDTS£€profiles€for€other€vector€and€raster€varieties€of€DIGEST€have€been€suggested,€butĻnot€yet€planned€or€developed.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢŠ €+Š&. Šą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(1)€¢DMA£€(now€¢NIMA£)€through€the€¢IDON£€Corporation,€with€input€from€USGS,€was€theĻprimary€sponsor€for€the€¢DVP£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(2)€¢NIMA£,€through€¢SAIC£,€with€input€from€USGS€and€¢LaserScan£,€was€the€primary€sponsorĻfor€the€¢RVP£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Documents€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(1)€The€draft€¢DVP£€document€is€dated€10„30„92.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ą(2)€The€draft€¢RVP£€document€is€dated€9„30„96.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąš šA€Look€at€Two€Geographic€Data€Exchange€Formats:€DIGEST€and€¢SDTS£šš€by€Anthony€¢Sani£Ļand€Vincent€Robinson,€1992,€University€of€Toronto.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąš šHarmonization€of€¢SDTS£€and€DIGEST,€Final€Reportšš€by€¢IDON£€Corporation€(Ottawa,ĻCANADA)€for€¢DMA£,€11/16/92.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąMIL„¢STD£„600006€(¢VPF£).Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąDIGEST€2€was€expected€in€late€1996.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€1996€investigation€by€¢SAIC£€for€¢NIMA£€indicates€that€the€¢RVP£€can€be€implemented.€Ļ¢NIMA£,€USGS,€¢FGDC£,€and€ANSI€are€interested€in€making€this€connection€between€¢SDTS£Ļand€¢VPF£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThis€activity€can€benefit€the€international€effort€to€harmonize€various€spatial€data€exchangeĻstandards€(DIGEST,€¢SDTS£,€¢GDF£,€S„57,€¢NTF£,€and€others)€as€they€move€toward€¢ISO£Ļapproval.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€1992€¢DVP£€document€from€¢IDON£€contained€recommendations€for€the€other€DIGESTĻprofiles€to€¢SDTS£€includingŠ ` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąDIGEST€Vector€Profile€Chain„NodeĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąDIGEST€Vector€Profile€SpaghettiĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąDIGEST€Matrix€ProfileĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąDIGEST€Raster€Profile.Ģą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€DIGEST€matrix€standard€for€grid„based€elevation€and€thematic€data,€and€the€DIGESTĻraster€standard€for€scanned€map€graphics€may€be€examined€for€possible€harmonization€withĻthe€new€¢SDTS£€Raster€Profile€with€¢BIIF£€Extensions€which€is€the€result€of€a€successful€effortĻto€reconcile€the€civilian€¢SDTS£€raster€standard€with€imagery€and€raster€standards€(¢NITF£€andĻ¢BIIF£)€from€the€military€and€intelligence€communities.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢĢĢĢŠ €+Š&. Їņ ņ10.ą0  ąņņSingle€¢ISO£€Harmonized€Standardó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ąAs€noted€earlier,€use€of€a€profile€to€¢SDTS£€is€one€method€to€achieve€harmonization€with€otherĻstandards€such€as€¢BIIF£,€DIGEST„¢VPF£,€¢CEN£€¢GDF£,€¢IHO£€S„57€(formerly€¢DX£„90),€¢SAIF£,€or€¢NTF£„¼¢BS7567£.€€¢Moellering£€and€Hogan€(1996)€provide€details€on€the€major€national€and€internationalĻspatial€data€transfer€standards.€€As€these€and€other€standards€vie€for€approval€at€the€internationalĻlevel€by€the€International€Organization€for€Standardization€(¢ISO£)€there€may€be€strong€effort€toĻharmonize€or€reconcile€competing€spatial€data€exchange€standards€into€a€single€standard.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąThe€American€National€Standards€Institute€(ANSI)€National€Committee€for€Information€TechnologyĻStandards€(¢NCITS£,€pronounced€š šinsights)€technical€committee€¢L1£€(for€GIS)€is€considering€¢SDTS£Ļas€an€ANSI€standard.€€ANSI€¢NCITS£€¢L1£€is€also€the€U.S.€Technical€Advisory€Group€(TAG)€to€the€¢ISO£ĻTechnical€Committee€on€Geographic€Information€/€¢Geomatics£€(TC€211).€€¢ISO£€TC€211€will€considerĻinternational€standards€for€spatial€data€transfer.€€Use€of€¢SDTS£€as€a€national€standard€in€Australia,ĻNew€Zealand,€South€Korea,€and€the€US€insures€that€¢SDTS£€will€receive€consideration€by€TC€211.€ĻBecause€of€the€¢configurable£€nature€of€¢SDTS£€and€its€many€options,€and€because€it€has€beenĻharmonized€with€several€other€standards€through€documented€profiles,€it€may€become€an€š šumbrellaššĻstandard€under€which€more€specific€standards€can€reside.€€Note€also€that€¢ISO£„8211€is€used€as€theĻphysical€implementation€of€many€of€these€standards,€including€¢SDTS£.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąA€single€¢ISO£€standard€should€include€the€best€characteristics€of€the€current€group€of€national€andĻinternational€spatial€data€standards.€€Version€3€of€¢IHO£€S„57€now€includes€š šincremental€transfersššĻthat€allow€the€exchange€of€only€information€that€has€changed.€€Multi„scale€representation€capabilitiesĻare€now€available€in€¢CEN£€¢GDF£.€€Sophisticated€indexing,€¢subtiling£,€and€access€capabilities€are€nowĻused€in€¢VPF£€to€support€direct€exploitation.€€Support€for€multiple€levels€of€topology€and€multiple€dataĻmodels€(including€raster)€within€one€data€transfer€is€similar€to€current€DIGEST€capabilities.€€TheseĻcharacteristics€will€be€included€in€the€proposed€object„based€profile€to€¢SDTS£€(see€next€section),Ļwhich€should€be€useful€as€we€approach€¢ISO£€harmonization.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąOther€harmonization€efforts€are€also€being€investigated.€€One€is€between€DIGEST€and€¢GDF£.€€TheĻhydrographic,€bathymetric,€and€maritime€community€(¢IHO£,€IMO,€¢NIMA£,€¢NOAA£,€Coast€Guard,€¢CHS£,Ļ¢FGDC£€Bathymetric€Subcommittee)€is€also€interested€in€a€reconciliation€of€standards€for€vectorĻnautical€charts€€for€Electronic€Chart€Display€&€Information€Systems€(¢ECDIS£),€including€S„57Ļ(formerly€¢DX£„90),€DIGEST,€and€¢VPF£€used€for€DNC.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąA€single,€harmonized€¢ISO£€standard€for€spatial€data€exchange€and€archive,€possibly€using€¢SDTS£€asĻan€š šumbrella,šš€would€be€of€great€value€for€several€reasons.€€It€could€remove€much€of€the€need€forĻmultiple€¢SDTS£€profiles€that€are€nation€specific€or€that€are€used€to€harmonize€¢SDTS£€with€otherĻstandards.€€Use€of€an€object„based€approach€or€profile€should€also€help€remove€the€need€for€multipleĻprofiles€linked€to€data€models€and€schemas.€€Data€sharing€will€be€easier€if€the€number€of€profiles€isĻsmall.Š (#(# ŠĢĢĢĢĢŠ €+Š&. Їņ ņŌ‡XøSX%&dlŌ11.ą0  ąņņObject„Based€Profileó óóóа(#(# ŠĢą0  ą€€Intended€Use€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąAn€object„based€profile€to€¢SDTS£€has€been€suggested€as€a€way€to€improve€¢SDTS£,€andĻother€exchange€standards,€through€the€incorporation€of€object„oriented€and€feature„¼based€concepts.€€An€object„based€profile€would€provide€better€support€for€exchangingĻand€archiving€¢geospatial£€data€that€conforms€to€advanced€data€models€that€are€featureĻbased,€such€as€the€data€models€of€¢CEN£€¢GDF£,€DIGEST„¢VPF£,€¢NTF£,€¢IHO£€S„57,€USGSĻDLG„F,€¢SmallWorld£€GIS,€Argus,€Laser„Scan€Gothic,€Universal€Systems€¢CARIS£++,Ļand€¢OGC£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąA€feature„based€data€model€uses€a€semantic€feature€level€that€is€distinct€from€theĻspatial€primitive€level.€€Thus,€¢nonplanar£€real„world€features€can€be€represented€evenĻwhile€using€a€planar€graph€at€the€spatial€primitive€level€(Hickman,€1995).€€AccordingĻto€¢Arctur£€(1996)Š ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą€€€€€„ą8ø ` (#` (#ąš šAny€given€line€feature€such€as€a€road€or€bridge€can€consist€of€one€orŠ „Ō  Šmore€edge€primitives€(unique€polyline€segments).Š ø Š ø Š  Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ą€€€€€„ą8ø ` (#` (#ąš šAny€given€edge€primitive€can€be€used€in€one€or€more€line€featuresŠ \¬ Šor€area€features.ššŠ ø Š ø Š  Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€current€¢SDTS£€Topological€Vector€Profile€(¢TVP£)€can€accommodate€features€€andĻfeature„to„feature€relationships€using€composite€objects,€but€some€of€the€feature„¼based€advantages€may€be€lost€or€de„emphasized.€€It€is€possible€that€the€geometricĻprimitives€for€feature„based€data€could€be€raster€as€well€as€vector.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThis€profile€may€also€be€used€to€accommodate€data€that€is€seamless,€is€updatedĻincrementally€and€historically€by€transactions,€has€dynamic€and€self„defining€contentĻschema€and€semantics,€€is€supported€in€O„O€DBMS's€or€extended„relational€DBMS's,Ļhas€multiple€(multi„scale)€geometric€representations,€has€immutable€IDššs€for€features,Ļand€meets€€¢FGDC£€Framework€and€¢OpenGIS£€requirements.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąParticipants€in€the€Open€GIS€effort€have€expressed€interest€in€an€object„based€profileĻto€¢SDTS£.€€Success€of€¢interoperability£€through€¢OpenGIS£€may€compliment€the€use€ofĻ¢SDTS£€as€a€bulk€data€exchange€standard€in€many€circumstances,€and€may€emphasizeĻthe€use€of€¢SDTS£€as€a€data€archive€standard.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ą€€Primary€Sponsors,€Interested€Groups,€and€Contacts€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąUSGS€DLG„F€developers,€¢FGDC£€Framework€planners,€O„O€GIS€vendors,€andĻseveral€participants€in€the€Open€GIS€activity€are€interested€in€a€possible€object„basedĻprofile€to€¢SDTS£.€€Information€from€David€¢Arctur£€of€Laser„Scan€on€O„O€GIS€and€Ļobject„based€suggestions€for€¢SDTS£€is€available€atą Č ą¢http£://¢www.lsl.co.uk£/~¢arctur£/Ф(ō#'` (#` (# Šą  ąą ` ąThe€Open€GIS€web€site€isą Ą ąą0  ąą0p(#(#ąą0Čp(#p(#ą¢http£://¢www.opengis.org£/А)ą$(Č(#Č(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąSee€also€š šJust€What€is€¢SDTS£€and€What€Does€it€Really€Need?šš€(¢Arctur£€&€¢Fegeas£,Ļ1997)€and€š š¢OGIS£:€Building€on€¢SDTS£šš€(¢Fegeas£,€1995).Šh+ø&*` (#` (# Їą0  ą€€Future€Plans€„„Š (#(# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąThe€USGS„¢NMD£€vector€program€is€moving€toward€a€flexible,€feature„based€dataĻmodel€to€support€€¢FGDC£€Framework€characteristics.€€Requirements€from€this€feature„¼based€approach€will€accelerate€the€need€for€an€object„based€profile€to€¢SDTS£.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąA€feature„based€model€is€also€used€by€DIGEST„¢VPF£,€S„57,€and€¢GDF£.€€The€need€toĻharmonize€with€these€other€standards€as€part€of€¢ISO£€approval€may€be€related€to€anĻobject„based€profile€of€¢SDTS£.€€One€of€the€recommended€characteristics€of€this€profileĻis€support€for€updates€by€transaction,€and€Version€3€of€¢IHO£€S„57€now€includesĻš šincremental€transfersšš€that€allow€the€exchange€of€only€information€that€has€changed.€ĻThe€multi„scale€representation€capability€needed€in€an€object„profile€is€now€availableĻin€¢CEN£€¢GDF£.€€Sophisticated€indexing,€¢subtiling£,€and€access€capabilities€areĻsuggestions€for€the€object„based€profile,€and€these€capabilities€are€now€used€in€¢VPF£.€ĻSupport€for€multiple€levels€of€topology€and€multiple€data€models€(including€raster)Ļwithin€one€data€transfer€is€a€suggestion€for€the€object„based€profile€and€is€similar€toĻcurrent€DIGEST€capabilities.€€Support€for€a€content€schema€that€is€dynamic€and€notĻš šhard€codedšš€to€a€specific€product€or€theme€is€a€characteristic€of€DLG„F€that€hasĻbeen€recommended€for€the€object„profile.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąš šWhen€used€to€its€full€potential,€¢SDTS£€will€allow€an€extremely€wide€range€of€dataĻmodels€and€user„defined€geographic€data€to€be€encoded€and€transferred€withoutĻinformation€loss.€€Finally,€the€ššumbrellašš€and€modular€manner€in€which€the€¢SDTS£€isĻspecified,€and€the€methodology€of€defining€profiles€of€¢SDTS£,€affords€the€means€forĻthe€evolution€of€¢SDTS£€as€requirements€and€technology€change.šš€(¢Arctur£€and€¢Fegeas£,Ļ1997).€€More€information€from€¢Arctur£€and€¢Fegeas£€should€be€available€at,€and€after,Ļthe€¢SDTS£€workshop€in€September€1997.Š ` (#` (# ŠĢÓWCÜÜ4Œ ä <”ģDœōL¤ü!ü!¬&)\+“- 0d2¼4°œXWÓą0  ąą0` (#(#ąAs€stated€by€Dr.€¢Arctur£€in€š šSpatial€Data€Transfer€Standard€(¢SDTS£):€€A€GIS€Vendor'sĻPerspectivešš€€10/29/96€from€¢http£://¢www.lsl.co.uk£/~¢arctur£/Š ` (#` (# Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą8ø ` (#` (#ąš š[Vision€for€the€next€profile€and€content€spec:Š ø Š ø Š  Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą8ø ` (#` (#ą€€dynamic€and€self-defining€semantics]Š ø Š ø Š  Šą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą8ø ` (#` (#ąMy€impression€of€current€R&D€at€USGS€on€DLG-F€and€aĻfeature-based€profile€is€that€these€could€be€pioneering€a€very€smartĻway€to€approach€the€whole€thing.€They€could€constitute€a€frameworkĻfor€decomposing€ANY€data€model's€structure€&€semantics€intoĻparameter€values€that€are€stored€AS€DATA€in€the€¢dataset£,€in€additionĻto€the€real-world€data€itself.€€With€this€approach,€then€a€single€genericĻ¢SDTS£€encoder/decoder€should€be€able€to€understand€ANY€dataĻmodel,€and€my€concerns€about€reading€&€writing€¢datasets£€for€use€byĻother€GIS€vendors€goes€away.ššŠ ø Š ø Š  ŠŌ#†&dl%XXøS·<#ŌĢĢĢŠ ,h'+ Šņ ņŌ‡XøSX%&dlŌ12.ą0  ąOther€Profiles:€Graphic,€Local€Government,€Mining,€Utility,€Hydrographic€Vector,€...ó óа(#(# ŠĢą0  ąA€number€of€other€¢SDTS£€profiles€have€been€suggested€over€the€past€few€years.€ĻRequirements€for€many€of€these€may€be€met€by€the€profiles€mentioned€earlier.€€The€proposedĻobject„based€profile€should€meet€most€requirements€related€to€these€suggested€profiles,€andĻhelp€future€data€sharing€by€keeping€the€number€of€profiles€very€low.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ą¢SDTS£€profiles€for€graphics€(including€text€and€symbols),€for€mining€data,€and€for€utility€dataĻhave€been€suggested€in€the€past,€but€there€is€little€documented€information€on€each€of€theseĻat€this€time.€€A€mining€profile€may€have€requirements€for€¢SDTS£€3„D€volumetric€objects,Ļsimilar€to€the€CADD€profile€or€a€possible€geology€profile.€€Requirements€for€a€utility€profileĻmay€now€be€met€by€the€CADD€profile€or€the€transportation€network€profile.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąSome€interest€was€expressed€in€the€early€1990's€by€the€Milwaukee€County€AutomatedĻMapping€and€Land€Information€System€(¢MCAMLIS£)€organization€for€a€local€governmentĻprofile.€€Creation€of€an€¢SDTS£€profile€for€local€government€GIS€transactions€was€alsoĻsuggested€by€¢Moyer£€and€¢Niemann£€(1991).Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąCensus€is€investigating€use€of€¢SDTS£€for€the€distribution€of€governmental€units€andĻboundaries€data€as€part€of€their€Framework€activities.€€No€specific€profile€has€beenĻmentioned.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąOne€GIS€vendor€is€interested€in€a€possible€¢SDTS£€vector€profile€that€allows€topologicallyĻstructured€planar€data,€topologically€structured€non„planar€(network)€data,€and€non„¼topological€(spaghetti)€data€all€in€the€same€¢SDTS£€transfer.€€This€has€been€called€a€š šmixedĻvectoršš€profile.€€The€feasibility€of€such€a€profile€is€currently€under€discussion€as€part€of€theĻobject„based€profile.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąA€š šHydrographic€Vector€Profile€(¢HVP£)€to€¢SDTS£šš€study€was€conducted€by€¢IDON£€for€¢NOAA£Ļin€1994.€€The€resulting€¢HVP£€was€a€¢DX£„90€(now€S„57€edition€3)€profile€to€¢SDTS£,€similar€toĻthe€DIGEST„A€profile€to€¢SDTS£.€€The€study€showed€that€the€format€of€S„57€is€very€close€toĻthe€structure€of€¢SDTS£;€closer€than€it€is€to€DIGEST€or€¢VPF£.€€The€Corps€of€Engineers€also€hadĻsome€interest€in€¢HVP£€as€a€way€to€help€reconcile€nautical€chart€formats€between€¢VPF£/DNCĻand€S„57.€€Although€there€are€no€plans€to€implement€the€¢HVP£,€the€results€may€be€useful€inĻfuture€¢ISO£€efforts€to€harmonize€a€number€of€similar€standards€including€S„57,€DIGEST,Ļ¢GDF£,€and€¢SDTS£.Š (#(# ŠĢą0  ąAn€¢SDTS£€profile€for€¢ArcView£€SHAPE€files€was€suggested€but€quickly€discouraged,€becauseĻthe€proliferation€of€¢SDTS£€profiles€(especially€if€based€on€each€vendor€and€product€format)Ļwould€not€do€much€to€improve€data€sharing€and€exchange.Š (#(# ŠŌ#†&dl%XXøSpW#ŌĢĢĢŠ ,h'+ Їą@„„)ģąņ ņREFERENCESó óˆŠ ° 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