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"  " o/ $π  $  o % ! & " ߀'? >#ރ ( # ( $ )π o% * &~ + ' ?+ '~ - (τ π- ) . * / + ߀/ /,/ 1π - 1 -o 2-ǀ 3À   >>?? x?> ? ?> ? ?x ?π ?7?8<? ?>??? >>?< ~?<9?<8?<~~~?C o >>?  x>? ~ p>??8p  ?|? ?? ~ ;:;;;;:::;=;{<{<o:?;:n`;߀\8;:~~<8;8|:o7:8:7:߀7~:6o:~7~8585z8485~8߀o374~߀7'C ?~> >  ~x'~ 8'8g  8g߀ 8 ~~ 8?8 ?  8?8 > ~~ O?o /   ? x~> z ߀ O oa   π?  x~ ~ o  /   π   ~   ?  /oσo ߀ ??  ހ~ >?~  ? π     ? ? ~ ~σv    /   π  ^  ?߀  σ _  ?~~ ? π  p0?   `? ?   >    / `    0        ? ~     ! !ćo !? !8 # xǀ? # |ǀ? # |<0# # 98G? # 98#X#`0XLINK.MSPX y$88##P 88a#$Link. A topological connection between two nodes. A link may be directed by ordering its nodes. a# a# a# 88 #88## yAX&X#`0JJNCHAIN.MSPX y$88## #88#$Chain. A directed nonbranching sequence of nonintersecting line segments and (or) arcs bounded by nodes, #not necessarily distinct, at each end. #Note: there are three subtypes of Chain: Complete Chain, Area Chain, and Network Chain. # 88%88##yAX(X#`0GTRING.MSPX y$88##%88#$ GTring. A sequence of nonintersecting chains, with closure. A ring represents a closed boundary, but not #the interior area inside the closed boundary. (GTRing is a subtype of Ring.) # # 88(88## y+Xddy$88##(88#$GTPolygon. An area that is an atomic twodimensional component of one and only one twodimensional #manifold (a defined aggregate spatial object). The boundary of a GTpolygon may be defined by GTrings #created from its bounding chains. A GTpolygon may also be directly associated with its chains (either the 88*88##bounding set, or the complete set).  *-$,$,# !# AV # a&#}#M##f#6#!n #"A>##%a&#e((#5++#=-Ԍ#c P7(P#љ APart 1, Section 3Data Quality Knowledge of the quality of data, characterizing fitness for use, is an important and integral part of data transfer. The SDTS recognizes the importance of enabling users to evaluate the suitability of data for their particular use by requiring a data quality report. The report must be part of a transfer, and it must also be available separately so that evaluation may be done without actually acquiring the data. Employing a truthinlabeling approach, as opposed to setting absolute quality thresholds, the SDTS places responsibilities on both the producer and the receiver of data. The producer must report what quality information is knownc yOD #Y P7(P#э Note that what is known may be nothing, in which case "don't know" is a permissible entry in a quality report. in each of five quality areas, and the receiver must determine whether data are suitable for a given application. Part 1, section 3 specifies five portions of a data quality report: lineage, positional accuracy, attribute accuracy, logical consistency, and completeness. Temporal information is relevant in each portion. The lineage portion describes source and update material (with dates), methods of derivation, transformations, and other processing history. Positional accuracy is concerned with how closely the locational data (encoded coordinate values) represent true locations. Attribute accuracy is similarly concerned with nonlocational descriptive data. Different methods of obtaining measures of positional and attribute accuracy are described in section 3. Logical consistency refers to the fidelity of encoded relationships in the structure of the spatial data; for example, where appropriate, the degree to which topological relationships have been verified should be reported. The completeness portion of the quality report includes information about geographic area and subject matter coverage; for example, selection criteria and other mapping rules are relevant completeness data. The SDTS data quality report specifications are flexible and extensible, designed to allow for growth and evolution in the science and practice of reporting quality metadata. Currently only the five broad categories of quality information are defined, but detailed metadata standards could be adopted and implemented using SDTS. A data quality report can relate metadata to any level of a transfer: the entire data set, selected themes or maps, or the individual features and spatial objects. Note that the lower levels of metadata reporting (e.g. at the individual object level) are necessary for data sets created by merging data from different sources. Three methods of quality reporting are possibletextual narration, defined quality attributes, and quality overlays. Textual narration is simply verbal description of quality information. Defined quality attributes are characteristics or parameters (for example, date of source material or estimate of positional accuracy in meters) which can be assigned values. Quality overlays are layers of quality data which portray spatial variation in metadata. Reliability diagrams sometimes found in the margin of paper maps are good examples of quality overlays. +Part 1, Sections 4 and 5Logical Specifications for Spatial Data Transfer As mentioned above, translating between a specific spatial data system and its corresponding SDTS transfer is done through progressive levels of abstraction, from the conceptual to the physical. Sections 4 and 5 of part 1 represent the middle levels of the process, bridging the conceptual and the physical. Spatial objects defined at the conceptual level in section 2, along with associated attribute data and metadata, are transferred using the logical structures specified in sections 4 and 5. At the more physical levels, these logical structures are formatted as files as specified in part 3 of FIPS 173 and by ISO 8211. The SDTS Transfer Model. The organization of an SDTS spatial data transfer is defined in sections 4 and 5 in terms of a hierarchy of logical constructs that apply only to the SDTS. An SDTS transfer consists of modules; each module consists of one or more module records; each module record consists of one or more module fields; each module field consists of one or more module subfields; a module subfield carries an individual data item. The SDTS specifies 34 types of modules; a module specification table for each module type defines in detail how records, fields, and subfields shall be composed. These module specification tables and associated text comprise section 5the bulk of the SDTS document. Section 4 contains general concepts and specifications that pertain to the module specifications in section 5. $ 0*(( !l #pg`"ddcMODULES.T2l #'ci yO #c P7(P# Table 2. SDTS Module Categories and Types. yO #Y P7(P#X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:  >  Attribute   Object records  <    Primary records      ^      ^     ^     ^    ^    ^    <     ^    ^    Composed of/       Component of  Raster      >  >  Objects  <     k+   v   Attribution  k+   v       Vector Objects  <     any   except Rings  <      Topological pointers (among    ^    ^   topological objects only)         Polygon composition     >  Rings       Symbolized by  k+   v    Graphic   Representation   records    $88##ww##!8w$ !8w AH guddOBJCODES.T3H'NJ yO #c P7(P# Table 3 . SDTS Spatial Object Modules, Object Types, and Representation Codes aE X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: